" Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, known as the Patriarchs, are both the physical and spiritual ancestors of Judaism. They founded the religion now known as Judaism ..."

Abram, according to Jewish traditions was born in Babylonia in 1948 from Creation (circa 1800 BCE). He questioned the faith of his father, believed that the entire universe was the work of a single Creator and he began to teach this belief to others. Abram received an offer from G-d that indicated that his leaving home would make him a great nation and bless him. The b'rit (covenant) between G-d and the Jewish people was thus established. (Gen. 12). "The terms of this b'rit became more explicit over time,

until the time of the Giving of the Torah (see below). Abram was subjected to ten tests of faith to prove his worthiness for this covenant. Leaving his home is one of these trials."

Living a nomadic lifestyle, Abram traveled through what is now the land of Israel for many years. G-d promised this land to Abram's descends but Abram and his wife were growing older and had no children so wife Sara followed a common practice and offered her maidservant Hagar as a wife to Abram. According to tradition, Hagar was a daughter of Pharaoh given to Abram during his travels in Egypt. She bore Abram a son Ishmael who according to both Muslim and Jewish tradition, is the ancestor of the Arabs. (Gen 16)

G-d changed Abram's name to Abraham (father of many), and Sarai's to Sarah (from "my princess" to "princess"). Sarah fulfilled a promise from G-d and bore Abraham a son Isaac (in Hebrew, Yitzchak) (Gen 17-18).

Isaac was the ancestor of the Jewish people. Thus, the conflict between Arabs and Jews can be seen as a form of sibling rivalry! Isaac was the subject of the tenth and most difficult test of Abraham's faith as G-d commanded Abraham to follow a common practice in the region and sacrifice Isaac as a burnt offering. (Gen 22). "At the last moment, G-d sent an angel to stop the sacrifice." Judaism uses this story as evidence that G-d abhors human sacrifice. Isaac married Rivka who bore him fraternal twin sons: Jacob and Esau. (Gen 25).

Jacob the more spiritually-minded was Rebecca's favorite and Esau a good hunter was Isaac's favorite. Esau sold his birthright of spiritual leadership to Jacob for a bowl of lentil stew.

When Isaac was growing old, Rebecca tricked him into giving Jacob a blessing meant for Esau. Esau was angry about this and about the birthright so Jacob fled and met his beloved Rachel. Jacob was deceived into marrying Rachel's older sister, Leah, but later married Rachel as well, and Rachel and Leah's maidservants, Bilhah and Zilphah. Between these four women, Jacob fathered 12 sons and one daughter.

Jacob returned to his homeland and sought reconciliation with his brother Esau. Alone with G-d on the night before he was to meet his brother he wrestled with a man until the break of day at which time Jacob demanded a blessing and the "man" revealed himself as an angel. He blessed Jacob and gave him the name "Israel" (Yisrael), meaning "the one who wrestled with G-d" or "the Champion of G-d." The Jewish people are generally referred to as the Children of Israel signifying them as

descents from Jacob. The next day, Jacob met Esau and was welcomed by him.

Jacob's 12 sons are the ancestors of the tribes of Israel and the Children of Israel and the ones for whom the tribes are named. Son Joseph is the father of two tribes: Manasseh and Ephraim. Joseph's older brothers were jealous of their father's favorite and because he had visions that he would lead them all so they sold Joseph into slavery convincing their father that Joseph was dead. But this was all part of G-d's plan as Joseph was brought into Egypt where his ability to interpret visions earned him a place in the Pharaoh's court paving the way for his family's later settlement in Egypt.

As centuries passed the descendants of Israel became slaves in Egypt and suffered greatly under the hand of later Pharaohs.

But G-d brought the Children of Israel out of Egypt under the leadership of Moses who led through the wilderness to Mount Sinai where G-d revealed Himself to the Children of Israel and offered them a great covenant: and if the people would hearken to G-d and observe His covenant including the ten-commandments then they would be the most beloved of nations, a kingdom of priests and a holy nation. (Ex 19). G-d revealed the Torah to his people, both a written and Oral Torah which later was codified and written as the Talmud. The entire nation responded, ' "Everything that the L-rd has spoken, we will do!" ' "According to Jewish tradition, every Jewish soul that would ever be born was present at that moment, and agreed to be bound to this covenant."

The Messianic Idea in Judaism

Belief in a mashiach is a fundamental part of traditional Judaism and it is part of Rambam's 13 Principles of Faith, the minimum requirements of Jewish belief. Modern scholars suggest the messianic concept was introduced later in the history of Judaism during the age of the

prophets. Traditional Judaism maintains that the messianic idea has always been a part of Judaism. . However, the Torah contains several references to "the End of Days" (acharit ha-yamim), which is the time of the mashiach; thus, the concept of mashiach was known in the most ancient times. source Please


	Analysis of the Torah Primary Source, Gr eat Authors of the Western Literary Tradition 3/15/19 author/editor Walter Antoniotti centers on the history presented in this Great Course The Documentary Hypothesis of Genesis The Deuteronomistic History of Genesis Prelude The Bible, the official scripture (canon) of Judaism, may be divided into three sections. 1. The Torah, consists of the first five books 2. "Prophets.” 3 “Writings” is everything else.

	1. "Torah" names the most important books. Attributed to Moses, most biblical scholars agree that these books are the work of more than one author because God is referred to as Elohim (usually translated “God") and as YHWH (usually translated as “The Lord”). Also there are variations in vocabulary and style and contrasting perspectives given by the different versions of the same stories. The Documentary Hypothesis of Genesis The *Documentary Hypothesis* positions four main source documents assembled in stages. “ 1. Yahwist narrative” (usually called J) written in the 10th or 9th century B.C. 2. “Elohist narrative” (E) composed in the 9th century B.C. 3. Deuteronomy (D) version written if the 7th century B.C. 4. Priestly source (P) dates to the 6th or 5th century B.C. In the 8th century B.C., an editor combined J and E. The resulting (hypothetical) document is often called JE. Around 500 B.C., a second editor added P, producing JEP. Deuteronomy was added to the first four books of the Torah around 400 B.C. These different stages are reflected in differing styles, emphases, and the ological viewpoints. Creation Narrative In Genesis 2:4b–3:24, the Yahwist creation narrative has the Lord created man from dust, before there were plants. The Lord planted a garden and placed the man in it but prohibited him from eating the fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. The Lord then decided that the man needed a companion and made all the animals and brought them to the man. Man named all the animals, but “there was not found a helper as his partner.” Next, the Lord cast the man into a deep sleep, removed a rib from his body, and created a woman as the man’s companion. A serpent persuaded the woman to eat the fruit of the forbidden tree and she, persuaded her husband to eat, as well. This violation of the Lord’s prohibition and led to the humans’ expulsion from Eden. This is probably the most familiar part of the Genesis creation. Genesis 1:1 through 2:4a differs both in emphasis and in details. This Priestly account, recount the creation of the whole cosmos from a formless void. Then, on the second day God creates light and separated the primeval waters by creating the dome of the sky. God creates the dry land (earth) and the plants on the third day. On the fourth day, the sun and the moon were created. The Lord had established the environment in which both animals and humans could live. God creates swimming and flying creatures on the fifth day. On the sixth day, God creates land animals of all kinds, including humans, both male and female. God gives the humans dominion over other creatures and tells them they may eat every seed-yielding fruit that contains seeds. Differences In the earlier Yahwist J account, the order is man, plants, animals, woman. In the later Priestly P account, the order is plants, animals, humans (male and female). The Lord of the J narrative is strongly anthropomorphic; he walks in the garden and speaks directly to Adam and Eve. God of the P narrative is far less anthropomorphic and male and female humans are created at the same time. There is no etiology of female submission; both are given “dominion” over the earth. P narrative is far more focused on cosmology and the creation of the whole universe than the J narrative, which focuses mainly on human beings and their fall from primeval happiness. The J narrative also provides etiologies for the harsh realities of human existence, including the necessity of work and the pain of childbearing; the P narrative does not address these issues at all. The Mesopotamian Enuma Elish has a creation narrative is strikingly similar to the P creation narrative. In the Enuma Elish, the original state of the universe is a watery chaos. This chaos is composed of two deities, Apsu (fresh water) and Tiamat (salt water). As they are mingled together, other gods are born out of them, beginning with a pair who represents silt. Several generations later, the story culminates in a war among many gods. The young god Marduk emerges victorious. The cosmos attains recognizable form when Marduk kills Tiamat and divides her body in two. Marduk makes the sky out of one part of Tiamat’s body and the earth out of the other. It is possible that the author(s) of P wrote in intentional contrast to the Enuma Elish. Elish P is normally dated to the period after the Babylonian Exile of the Jews (586–538 B.C.). A creation story reworking the Babylonian material into a form consonant with Jewish belief would make good sense. The P story of humans’ creation can also be read in contrast to the Mesopotamian version, where humans are created to work for the gods. Importance The Documentary Hypothesis covers not only Genesis but also the rest of the Torah. In recent years, the Documentary Hypothesis itself has come in for criticism and revision, but the complexity of the narrative tradition out of which the Pentateuch grew seems undeniable. The Torah contains many foundational stories of both Judaism and Christianity. Genesis is rich in memorable and influential stories and it is with Abraham that the Lord makes a covenant and becomes a god specifically of the Hebrew people. Exodus through Deuteronomy focus on Moses as hero, leader, and lawgiver. He receives direct visions of God but is at first unwilling to accept the task required of him. He is the recipient and spokesman of the Ten Commandments and the leader of the Israelites in their flight from Egypt. He leads his people within sight of the Promised Land but cannot reach it himself.

The Deuteronomistic History

The Book of Deuteronomy looks back to the Torah and forward into earlier Prophets and Latter Prophets. The Deuteronomistic History combines the books of Deuteronomy through 2 Kings. It narrates the end of Moses’s life and leadership. Deuteronomy or “Second Law” refines and amplifies the Law presented earlier in the Torah.

The book’s current form probably dates to the 7th century B.C. Deuteronomy covers forms of religious worship, political institutions, and legal statutes. It assumes that Israel suffers or flourishes depending on its people’s obedience to God and to the Mosaic covenant . It is modeled on ancient Near Eastern treaties of mutual obligation where the vassal is protected in return for loyalty and obedience. In this view God's covenant is a promises to reward good behavior and to punish bad behavior. The Ten Commandments can be seen as fitting into this “treaty” framework. “Thou shalt have no other gods before me,” reflects the vassal’s standard oath of loyalty.

Deuteronomistic History positions that Deuteronomy itself was edited to serve as an introduction to the next four books of the Bible. It further claims that a single editor (or school) compiled these five books. Another version of the theory positions successive editions of the Deuteronomistic History from the 7th century B.C. (700 to 601) and continuing into the period of the Babylonian Exile (captivity) beginning in 597 BC.

Questions
Why did the Israelites adopt monarchy as their form of government?
Why did the United Monarchy, founded by Saul and reaching a high point under David and Solomon, divide into two parts, Israel in the North, Judah in the South?
Why did Assyria conquer the Northern Kingdom in 722 B.C.?
Most troubling of all, why did the Babylonians succeed in subduing Judah and capturing Jerusalem?

The Deuteronomistic History portrays these events as the consequences of vassals’ disobedience. Various leadership stories of different leaders culminating in the establishment of the monarchy and the Davidic line, are all directed toward explaining the ultimate destruction of the always questioned monarchy.

The Deuteronomistic History is as much a work of literature as of “history.”
There are historical facts embedded in the story. The 5 books were written long after the events they describe. Writers had to draw on their own imaginations to describe characters and events. “Fictionalized history” is a term used to describe the Hebrew Bible. Stories of David” are like Shakespeare’s approach to Henry V.
A similar comparison can be made with “Homer’s” relationship to his material.

Compiled and arranged to explain the monarchy and God’s hand in history,
it has important implications for our understanding of the monarchy and
of the roles of the most famous kings, as seen David and Bathsheba (2 Samuel 11–12).

Here, David is not admirable. His contradicts a king’s military duty by being idle at home while his troops are off at war. He contradicts a king’s civic duty by seducing Bathsheba, the wife of a soldiers. We are not told what Bathsheba wants or whether David gave her a choice. Her message to David that she is pregnant is the only time she communicates. Eventually David puts the soldier into battle where he dies and David marries Bathsheba. A prophet sent by the Lord who rebukes David. David grows angry, the prophet predicts evils to come in David’s family and David admits his guilt. The profit predicts Bathsheba's baby will die.

Analysis

Perhaps, because David’s crimes were remembered by the tradition, the author “had” to include them. However, the author could have tried to explain these traditional details away. Instead, the author stresses the cruelty and deceit of David’s actions.

Perhaps the author wants to remind us that the legitimacy of the king does not depend on his own ethical behavior. Though anointed by God, David is fallible and at times, evil.

Perhaps such stories serve as reminders of the dangers inherent in even a good king’s rule.

The Deuteronomistic History presents a multifaceted view of kingship.
The books of the Deuteronomistic History were written for retroactive effect
to explain not what went right in the monarchy so much as what went wrong. The idea that God rewards good behavior and punishes bad underlies the nature of
good and bad fortune and is often called the Deuteronmist Theology.

Deuteronomistic Theology.

In this worldview, good fortune is evidence of righteousness, while bad fortune is evidence that one did wrong. With the conquest of Judah the question arose, what have we done wrong to deserve this? The Deuteronomistic History’s development of the monarchy attempts to answer this question.

Most important, the people tended to fall into idolatry and to worship other gods.
One fascinating point here is that the other gods are not denied or seen as meaningless. Even in the Ten Commandments, the prohibition on having any other god before God does not necessarily imply monotheism. Turning to other gods is seen as breaking the treaty’s requirement of loyalty to one’s overlord.

2. Prophets

The Former Prophets include the Books of Joshua, Judges, 1 and 2 Samuel, and 1 and 2 Kings. The Latter Prophets are the Books of Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the 12 “minor prophets.”

The role of the Hebrew prophet in the monarchy depended upon the time periods represented by the prophecy of interest.

The Latter Prophets reflect the sayings of spokesmen, or wise men considered intermediaries between God and his people. These oral sayings were recorded and later edited, annotated, and augmented to formed a nucleus around which the books developed. They did not assume canonical form until the 5th through 3rd centuries B.C.

The Greek prophētēs indicates an interpreter or proclaimer who “speaks forth” God’s word. Hebrew prophets did not necessarily foresee or predict future events. They were messengers. Prophets were less concerned with predicting the future than with analyzing present people and their behavior in in terms of God’s requirements. Nathan’s rebuke to David in 2 Samuel 12 is a good example. This rebuke ends with a prediction of the future, but Nathan’s main purpose is to chastise David’s present behavior.

However, Christian theologians interpreted the prophets as foretelling the coming of Christ. To understand the influence of prophets on the Western literary, we must consider how these texts were interpreted both at the time they were written and later when they had influence.

Four Major Periods of Prophetic Activity

In the early monarchical period (11th through 9th centuries B.C.), prophets advise and warned kings. Local prophets, advised individuals and communities The advent of the monarchy meant prophets could announce that God had chosen an individual to be king or had rejected a king for wrongdoing.

During the 8th century B.C., the prophets’ role changed from “kingmaker” to public adviser. Social justice and religious practice issues were their concerns. The Assyrian Empire had destroyed the Northern Kingdom (Israel) and subjugated the Southern Kingdom (Judah). Prophets interpreted these events as signs of God’s judgment against the Hebrew people.

The Babylonian exile had the prophets providing hope for an eventual return to Jerusalem and the rebuilding of the Temple.

In post-exilic period, Cyrus of Persia allowed the Jews to return to Judah. The main issue the prophets addressed was the challenge of reestablishing a community in postexilic conditions. Community’s identity, social organization, and resistance to assimilation were concerns.

Prophet Isaiah's Three different Time periods: First, Second, and Third Isaiah.

Isaiah (chapters 1–39) represent the life of Isaiah who lived in the late 8th and/or early 7th centuries B.C. Chapters 40 through 66 dates to the 6th century B.C. because these chapters refer to the fall of Jerusalem and the deportation of the people. Third Isaiah may be post-exilic.

One reappearing theme of these historical events reflect God’s plan of the Deuteronomistic History. An examples is the similar actions of great empires, such as the Assyrian Empire in the 8th century B.C. and the Babylonian and Persian Empires in the 6th century B.C.

Isaiah represents the manner in which the prophet’s words were gathered in his own day and the process by which they were reinterpreted and reapplied in later periods. In his own day, Isaiah’s descriptions of hostile and threatening foreign powers must have referred to the Assyrians. Later, these descriptions were applied to the Babylonian conquest of Judah. In its final redaction, the contrast between “worldly” governments and the Jewish people is highlighted by the primacy of Jerusalem and the expectation of a righteous “anointed leader.”

Second Isaiah’s depicts God as the only god, the universal God of all peoples, not just a god of the people covered by the covenant. In 45:5–7 Isaiah thus articulates true monotheism.

In chapters 44 and 45, Cyrus is referred to as God’s “anointed,” who will carry out God’s purpose. Cyrus is identified as the/a messiah, an anointed one. This is the only biblical passage where the term messiah refers to someone who is not an Israelite.

Christian reinterpretation and reapplication of Isaiah was a rich source for predictions concerning Christ. One of the most important verses in this regard is 7:14: “Look, the x woman is with child and shall bear a son, and shall name him Immanuel.”

Matthew 7:14 and later Christian works refer to X, Mary, as a virgin.
The Greek translation of X is based upon parthenos, a “young unmarried woman,”
The Revised Standard Version uses Hebrew almah, “young woman”
Hebrew for virgin is bethulah.

Another crucial passage for later Christian thought was the “suffering servant” of Isaiah 53:3–9. Early Christian writers identified these verses with Christ, especially with his Passion. The “suffering servant” of Isaiah lent support to the developing idea of an atoning Messiah, rather than a triumphant Messiah.

3. The Writings

This wisdom literature, developed after the exile, has important books such as Ecclesiastes and Proverbs. They meditate on the nature and place of justice in the world. Ecclesiastes casts doubt on assumption of Deuteronomistic Theology that righteousness is rewarded and evil punished. The Book of Job poses the strongest questioning of the Deuteronomistic Theology of any text in the Hebrew Bible.

The Torah’s composition and importance require further analysis. The creation story addresses questions about the composition of Genesis, the Torah, and the Bible.

Tradition attributes the Torah to Moses, but most biblical scholars agree to more than one author because of Variations in ways of referring to God, as Elohim (usually translated “God”) and as YHWH (usually translated as “The Lord”) plus Variations in vocabulary/ style plus contrasting perspectives given different versions of the same stories.

The Genesis 2:4b–3:24 creation narrative has the Lord created man from the dust before there were plants on the earth. The Lord planted a garden and placed the man in it but prohibited him from eating the fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. The Lord felt man needed a companion so all the animals were created no helper was found so the Lord created a woman companion. The serpent persuaded the woman to eat the fruit of the forbidden tree. She, persuaded her husband to eat fruit. This violation of the Lord’s prohibition led to the humans’ expulsion from Eden.

The Genesis 1:1 through 2:4 creation narrative differs in emphasis and details. It recount the creation of the whole cosmos. There is a formless void and then God creates light, separates the primeval waters by creating the dome of the sky. On the second day, God creates the dry land (earth) and on the third day, the plants. On the fourth day God creates the sun and the moon. On the fifth day, having established a proper environment, God creates swimming and flying creatures. Day six brings humans and other animals. God gives the humans dominion over other creatures. He tells them they may eat every seed-yielding plant and any fruit that contains a seed.

Differences

In the earlier account, the order is man, plants, animals, woman. In the later account, the order is plants, animals, humans. In one narrative the Lord is strongly anthropomorphic or human-like and walks in the garden speaking directly to Adam and Eve. In another God creates man and woman a the same time, and there is no causation of female submission as both are given “dominion” over the earth. One depicts the harsh realities of human existence, including the necessity of work and the pain of childbearing the other narrative does not address these issues.

The creation narrative of the Mesopotamian Enuma Elish, is similar to one Bible account, as the original state of the universe is a watery chaos composed of fresh and salt water deities. Mingling they create other gods beginning with a pair representing silt. The cosmos attains recognizable form when God Marduk kills Tiamat and divides her body in two. Marduk makes the sky out of one part of Tiamat’s body and the earth out of the other.

Christianity, The Early Years

Jesus began his ministry after working as a carpenter at age 30 when John baptized Jesus at "Bethany beyond the Jordan" by wading into the water with Jesus from the eastern bank.^[19]^[20] John the Baptist is also mentioned by Jewish historian Josephus,^[21] in Aramaic Matthew,^{[citation
needed]} in the Pseudo-Clementine literature,^{[citation
needed]} and in the Qur'an.^[22] Accounts of John in the New Testament appear compatible with the account in Josephus. The New Testament reveals that John anticipated a messianic figure who would be greater than himself,^[24] and Jesus was the one whose coming John foretold. Christians commonly refer to John as the precursor or forerunner of Jesus,^[25] since John announces Jesus' coming. John is also identified with the prophet Elijah.^[26] Some of Jesus' early followers had previously been followers of John.^[26] Some scholars have further speculated that Jesus was himself a disciple of John for some period of time,^[27] but this view is disputed.^[28]

Jesus then went into the Judean desert to fast and meditate for 40 days and nights where his faith was tempted by the Devil whose appeals were rejected. Jesus returned to Galilee and made trips to neighboring villages, was joined by disciples one of these was Mary Magdalene to whom Jesus appeared after his crucifixion. source

Apostle Simon ( Peter ) preached to the masses in Jerusalem on the day of Pentecost following Jesus' ascension to heaven and prompted the disciples to choose a replacement to take over the apostolic ministry of Judas Iscariot after Judas' betrayal of Christ Jesus. Simon healed a man who had been crippled from birth, with but the words, "Silver and gold I do not have, but what I have I give to you. In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, walk." Simon was called by the apostle Paul a "pillar" of the Church. He defended the inclusion of the Gentiles (non-Jews) into the Christian Church as his ministry was primarily to the Jews, as the apostle Paul's was to the Gentiles. Following imprisoned several times in Jerusalem because of his faith was being followed Peter left and is believed to have ministered in Babylon to the Jewish colonists and he wrote his first epistle (1 Peter.) He went to Rome and it is believed the writer of the Gospel of Mark served as his translator as he preached. According to Church tradition, the Roman Emperor Nero publicly announcing himself the chief enemy of God and was led in his fury to slaughter the Apostles. Because of this persecution, Peter was crucified upside down while in Rome. source

Please

The Turbulent Years

2nd century begins the concept of Original Sin which according to Augustine, consists of the guilt of Adam which all humans inherit . It was first alluded to in the by Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyon in his controversy with certain dualist Gnostics.

325 Council of Nicaea What Happened at the Council of Nicaea?

400 Jerome Vulgate translates the Greek bible into Latin.

1054 The Great East-West Schism occurred when relations between the East and West which had long been embittered by ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes. because prominent issues such as then source of the Holy Spirit ("filioque"), whether leavened or unleavened bread should be used in the Eucharist,^[5] the Pope's claim to universal jurisdiction, and the place of Constantinople in relation to the Pentarchy.^[6]came to a head.

1096 The First Crusade was a military expedition by Roman Catholic Europe to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquests of the Levant (632–661). It ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem in 1099.

1134 Medieval Inquisition was a series of Inquisitions (Catholic Church bodies charged with suppressing heresy) from around 1184 including the Episcopal Inquisition (1184-1230s) and later the Papal Inquisition (1230s). The Medieval Inquisition was established in response to large popular movements throughout Europe considered apostate or heretical to Christianity, in particular Catharism and Waldensians in southern France and northern Italy. These were the first inquisition movements of many that would follow.

1271 The Last (Ninth) Crusade considered to be the last major medieval Crusade to the Holy Land ended in 1272. Edward finally reached England in the summer of 1274 and was crowned King of England on August 19, 1274. He had been accompanied by Theobald Visconti who became Pope Gregory X in 1271. Gregory called for a new crusade at the Council of Lyons in 1274 but nothing came of this. Meanwhile, new fissures arose within the Christian states when Charles of Anjou took advantage of a dispute between Hugh III, the Knights Templar and the Venetians in order to bring the remaining Christian state under his control. Having bought Mary of Antioch's claims to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, he attacked Hugh III causing a civil war within the rump kingdom. In 1277, Roger of San Severino captured Acre for Charles.

1413 Lollard Rebellion was a political and religious movement that existed from the mid-14th century to the English Reformation. The term "Lollard" refers to the followers of John Wycliffe,^[1] a prominent theologian who was dismissed from the University of Oxford in 1381 for criticism of the Church and especially in his doctrine on the Eucharist. The Lollards' demands were primarily for reform of Western Christianity.

1481 Spanish Inquisition began when the Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition established by Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and to replace the Medieval Inquisition which was under Papal control. Assets confiscated were used for the Reconquista which finally expelled Muslims from these 700 years of dominance. Editors Note: Hitler did the same so what goes around comes around. It became the most substantive of the three different manifestations of the wider Christian Inquisition alonmay have g with the Roman Inquisition and Portuguese Inquisition.

Inquisition were originally intended in large part to ensure the orthodoxy of those who converted from Judaism and Islam and regulation of the faith of the newly converted was intensified after the royal decrees issued in 1492 and 1501 ordering Jews and Muslims to convert or leave. Motives proposed for the monarchs' decision to fund the Inquisition included increased political authority, weakening opposition, suppressing conversos, profiting from confiscation of the property of convicted heretics, reducing social tensions and protecting the kingdom from the danger of a fifth column.

The Reform Years

1450's Gutenberg Printed Bible added to the interesting history of communicating religious information to the masses.

1517 Luther's Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of I ndulgences was written and is widely regarded as the initial catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. There were other causes for the turmoil and Luther and Anti-Semitism would not be surpassed until the rise of Adolph Hitler

1618 The Thirty Years War was a series of wars fought in Central Europe involving most of Europe. It. was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history. Conflict origins and participant goals were complex. Originally it was fought as a religious war between Protestants and Catholics of the Holy Roman Empire. Disputes over internal politics and the balance of power within the Empire also played a significant role. The war to some extent ended the brutality caused competition Christian religions sects. In 1565 Fort-Caroline Massacre is one of many.

"A major consequence of the Thirty Years' War was the devastation of entire regions, denuded by the foraging armies (bellum se ipsum alet). Famine and disease significantly decreased the population of the German state Bohemia, the Low Countries and Italy; most of the combatant powers were bankrupted." The problem of discipline was made more difficult by the "ad hoc nature of 17th-century military financing; armies were expected to be largely self-funding by means of loot taken or tribute extorted from the settlements where they operated. This encouraged a form of lawlessness that imposed severe hardship on inhabitants of the occupied territory." "Some of the quarrels that provoked the war went unresolved for a much longer time."

Current Application
Money lending and the origins of anti-Semitism

by Tyler Cowen May 6, 2019 at 12:33 am in

"We study the role of economic incentives in shaping the coexistence of Jews, Catholics, and Protestants, using novel data from Germany for 1,000+ cities. The Catholic usury ban and higher literacy rates gave Jews a specific advantage in the moneylending sector. Following the Protestant Reformation (1517), the Jews lost these advantages in regions that became Protestant. We show (i) a change in the geography of anti-Semitism with persecutions of Jews and anti-Jewish publications becoming more common in Protestant areas relative to Catholic areas; (ii) a more pronounced change in cities where Jews had already established themselves as moneylenders. These findings are consistent with the interpretation that, following the Protestant Reformation, Jews living in Protestant regions were exposed to competition with the Christian majority, especially in money lending, leading to an increase in anti-Semitism.

That is from a new AER piece by Sascha O. Becker and Luigi Pascali."

Editor's Note: As pointed out in the many comments made, this is only part of the story.

1776 U.S. Founding Fathers Religious Beliefs Differ Franklin and Jefferson were deists in that they believed "that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to determine the existence of God, accompanied with the rejection of revelation and authority as a source of religious knowledge.^" Washington harbored a pantheistic sense of providential destiny, John Adams began a Congregationalist and ended a Unitarian, Hamilton was a lukewarm Anglican for most of his life but embraced a more actively Christian posture after his son died in a duel.
Editors Note: Hamilton was the Dick Chaney of his day.

1840's Abolition Splits Some US Churches "One of the legacies of the Second Great Awakening was the Abolitionist Movement, the coalition of whites and blacks opposed to slavery. To support their cause, they frequently quoted Jesus' statements about treating others with respect and love. White Christians in the south, however, did not view slavery as a sin. Rather, their leaders were able to quote many Biblical passages in support of slavery. The Civil War and the divide over the question of slavery thus began in the nation's churches, a decade before fighting began on the battlefields."

1870 Papal Infallibility, " dogma of the Catholic Church which states that, in virtue of the promise of Jesus to Peter, the Pope is preserved from the possibility of error^[1] "when, in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church".^[2] This doctrine was defined dogmatically in the First Vatican Council of 1869–e that, appearing already in medieval tradition and becoming the majority opinion at the time of the Counter-Reformation."

Please

Islam Also Sprang from Abraham

Islam is a monotheistic and Abrahamic religion articulated by the Qur'an, a book considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God and by the teachings and normative example (called the Sunnah and composed of Hadith) of Muhammad, considered by them to be the last prophet of God. An adherent of Islam is called a Muslim. Sharia is their moral code and relegiouse law.

Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable and the purpose of existence is to love and serve God.^[1] Muslims also believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed at many times and places before, including through Abraham, Moses and Jesus, whom they consider prophets.

They maintain that the previous messages and revelations have been partially misinterpreted or altered over time,
Please Share

but consider the Arabic Qur'an to be both the unaltered and the final revelation of God. Religious concepts and practices include the five pillars of Islam, which are basic concepts and obligatory acts of worship, and following Islamic law, which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, providing guidance on multifarious topics from banking and welfare, to warfare and the environment.

" Muslims revere Jesus as a uniquely inspired prophet who was born of the Virgin Mary, ascended to heaven and will come again. Yet Muslims cannot accept that Jesus was the son of God. This, they believe, reflects a flawed view of both Jesus and God. As Ms Siddiqui shows, Christians and Muslims sparred with one another intensely during the early centuries after Islam’s rise, with each side vying to be the ultimate revelation of God. But the two faiths did at least grudgingly acknowledge one another as monotheistic, despite Islam’s firm rejection of the Christian view of God as a trinity: Father, Son and Holy Spirit." Source

Philosophical Changes Introduced by Abraham's Religions

Judaism introduce Monotheism to the middle east, ended child sacrifice, provided guidelines for ethically and moral living and conditions for eventual resurrection after death.

Christianity modified some of Judaism guideline for an ethical and moral life and provided conditions for immediate resurrection following death.

Islam modified guideline for an ethical and moral life provided by Judaism and Christianity and added the purpose of existence is to love and serve God and resurrection was delayed until iyamah.

Dante's Inferno

Great Course Helps all Understand Christian Theology

Videos
Dante's Inferno Summary 13 min

Divine Comedy Documentary 50 min

Hinduism is the dominant religionof the Indian subcontinent consists of many diverse traditions. It include a wide spectrum of laws and prescriptions of "daily morality" based on karma, dharma, and societal norms. Hinduism is devoted to the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence rather than a rigid, common set of beliefs.

Hinduism has been called the "oldest religion" and many practitioners refer to Hinduism as Sanātana Dharma, "the eternal law" or the "eternal way"^[1]^[2]^[15] beyond human origins.^[15] It prescribes the "eternal" duties all Hindus have to follow, regardless of class, caste, or sect, such as honesty, purity, and self-restraint.^{[web
1]}

Western scholars regard Hinduism as a fusionof various Indian cultures and traditions with diverse roots^[20] and no single founder.^[21]^{[note
6]} This "Hindu synthesis" emerged around the beginning of the Common Era,^[17]^[27]^{[note
10]} and co-existed for several centuries with Buddhism,^[33] to finally gain the upper hand in most royal circles during the 8th century CE.From northern India this "Hindu synthesis", and its societal divisions, spread to southern India and parts of Southeast Asia.^[35]^{[note
13]}^[36]^{[note
14]}^[37]^{[note
15]}^{[note
18]}

Since the 19th century, under the dominance of western colonialism and Indology, when the term "Hinduism" came into broad use. Hinduism has re-asserted itself as a coherent and independent tradition. The popular understanding of Hinduism has been dominated by "Hindu modernism" in which mysticismand the unity of Hinduismhave been emphasised.During 20th century, Hindutva ideology, a part of the Hindu politics emerged as a political force and a source for national identity in India^.

Hindu practices include daily rituals such as puja (worship) and recitations, annual festivals, and occasional pilgrimages. Select group of ascetics leave the common world and engage in lifelong ascetic practices to achieve moksha.

Confucianism is a system of "ethical-sociopolitical teachings" of Chinese philosopher Confucius (551–479 BCE), who considered himself a retransmitter of Zhou values.^[5] More privately,

With particular emphasis on the importance of the family and social harmony, rather than on an otherworldly soteriology,^[7] the core of Confucianism is humanistic. Confucianism regards the ordinary activities of human life — and especially in human relationships as a manifestation of the sacred because they are the expression of our moral nature which has a transcendent anchorage in Heaven and a proper respect of the gods While Heaven ( has some characteristics that overlap the category of deity, it is primarily an impersonal absolute, like dào and Brahman.

The this-worldly concern of Confucianism rests on the belief that human beings are fundamentally good, and teachable, improvable, and perfectible through personal and communal endeavor especially self-cultivation and self-creation. Confucian thought focuses on the cultivation of virtue and maintenance of ethics. Some of the basic Confucian ethical concepts and practices like benevolence" and "humaneness are is the essence of the human being which manifests as compassion. It is the virtue-form of Heaven. Confucianism holds one in contempt, either passively or actively, for failure to uphold the cardinal moral values of rén and yì.

Traditionally, cultures and countries in the East Asian cultural sphere are strongly influenced by Confucianism, including mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, as well as various territories settled predominantly by Chinese people, such as Singapore. In the 20th century Confucianism's influence reduced greatly. In late 2015 many Confucian leaders^[which?] formally established a national Holy Confucian Church (孔聖會/孔圣会 Kǒngshènghuì) in China to unify the many Confucian congregations and civil society organisations

More Studies

Punishing Gods and Rise With Complex Societies

Did Romans Create Christianity and Islam?

Religion of America's Founding Fathers

God and America

Exorcisms Have Been Part Of Christianity For Centuries

Church vs. State

Religious Right Shaped American Politics

Jesus Christ vs. Confucius

War On Terror

Religion from China vs. America

In the News

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints said Thursday it would start allowing baptisms of children of same-sex couples.

Trends in Christianity

Changing Concepts about God
Changing Mores
Liberalization in the Roman Catholic Church
Protestants and Conflict
Political Undertakings by Falwell and Robertson, Billy Graham,
Oral Roberts, Swaggart and Ostee turn Political

Consciousness - How Unaware Things Became Aware 9 min video
The Israel-Palestine ConflictA Collection of Essays, J Hammond

The Growth of Colonial America's Religious Toleration

History and memory are not the same. Commemorations of an event’s origins/ideas often differ quite dramatically from historical reality.

Religious Toleration Developed Gradually as
It was not considered a virtue.
It did not lead to tolerance for others.
Puritans prosecuted and banned virtually
anyone who disagreed with them.

Toleration took seed when a Puritan dissenter Roger Williams
was expelled from Massachusetts. They founded Rhode Island
colony where Roger insisted upon the separation of church and state.
He opposed forced worship. Toleration increased in 1640 Pennsylvania founded by Quaker William Penn,

Tolerance increased where settlers were more interested in profits than religion.
The Dutch founded New Amsterdam with the first Jewish community.
Virginia and New York were founded for non-religious reasons.

Religious Tolerance continued to grow because no one Christian denomination was dominate and groups fearing persecution supported protection for all. See 1649 Maryland Toleration Act.

The 1868 Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 and 20th century Supreme Court rulings continued the process but Toleration did not translate into social acceptance. Anti-Catholicism and racial intolerance peaked with the anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic Know-Nothing party of the 1850s.

Tolerance really began winning with the hideous consequences of Hitler’s racist application of hatful ideas. The interaction of 15 million diverse Americans soldiers to destroy evil increased understanding.
See Relegious Toleration Process
Luther's American Legacy
Facts sAbout Abortion History

Thoughts Concerning Religion
When Massachusetts Banned Christmas

Biblical Photos

International Relegiouse Data

Church vs. State, a brief history of world religions, Frank Li, posted on 15 March 2017

Source Changing global religious landscape/ 4/5/17

Americans More Religious for a Wealthy Nation

From Why Muslims are the World's-Fastest Growing Religious Group 4/5/17

Image result for Religions graphs


		pewglobal.org/2011/11/17
	Faith: Few strong links to national identity
		source
SOURCE
Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century Concentrated in Europe, Orthodox Christians have declined as a percentage of the global population, but Ethiopian community is highly observant and growing

	US Religious Data
	Religious Opinions	Relegiouse Diversity

Eastern Religions Immigration of the Rise

us-immigration-3

Source

US States Muslim Population
New Jersey Has Highest Percentage of Muslims, at 3%.

Rank	State	% of Population Identifying as Muslim (Source: PEW)
1	New Jersey	3%
2	Arkansas	2%
3	District of Columbia	2%
4	New York	2%
5	Arizona	1
PEW Research Center reports

Source

Political Effect is Small

The religious makeup of the 116th Congress

us-immigration-9

Between 1992 and 2012, a total of about 1.7 million Muslims entered the U.S. as legal permanent residents. That constitutes a large portion of the overall U.S. Muslim population (estimated at 2.75 million as of 2011). Editor's Note: Less than % of population.

	Religious Opinions


	church-attendance-among-catholics-resumes-downward-slide.

			Americans Express Increasingly Warm Feelings Toward Religious Groups
	Read Republicans and Democrats Grow Even Further Apart in Views of Israel, Palestinians What happened to turn Democrats off?		Anti-LGBTQ homicides in the US. What changed in 2017? Is this data correlated to anything?

US Religious Diversity

Eastern Religions Immigration of the Rise

us-immigration-3

Source

New Jersey is the state with the highest percentage of Muslims, at 3%.

US States Muslim Population

Rank	State	% of Population Identifying as Muslim (Source: PEW)
1	New Jersey	3%
2	Arkansas	2%
3	District of Columbia	2%
4	New York	2%
5	Arizona	1
PEW Research Center reports

Source

The religious makeup of the 116th Congress

us-immigration-9

Race and Relegion

Politics and Relegion

Source

Religious Interest by City

source

Meditation is common across many religious US groups.

Timeline of Christianity

Jesus begins his ministry after his baptism by John and during the rule of Pilate, preaching: "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near" (Matthew 4:12–17). While the historicity of the gospel accounts is questioned to some extent by some critical scholars and non-Christians, the traditional view states the following
chronology for his ministry: Temptation, Sermon on the Mount, Appointment of the Twelve, Miracles, Temple Money Changers, Last Supper, Arrest, Trial, Passion, Crucifixion on Nisan 14th (John 19:14,Mark 14:2, Gospel of Peter) or Nisan 15th (Synoptic Gospels), entombment by Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus, Resurrection by God and Resurrection appearances of Jesus to Mary Magdalene and other women (Mark 16:9, John 20:10–18), Simon Peter (Luke 24:34), and others, (1Cor.15:3–9), Great Commission, Ascension, Second Coming Prophecy to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy such as the Resurrection of the dead, the Last Judgment, and establishment of the Kingdom of God and the Messianic Age.

This article is about the timeline of Christianity beginning with Jesus.
For the timeline of the Bible, see Biblical chronology.
For the history of Christianity, see History of Christianity.
For the timeline of the Roman Catholic Church.

The year one is the first year in the Christian calendar (there is no year zero),
    which is the calendar presently used almost everywhere in the world.
    Traditionally, this was held to be the year Jesus was born; however,
    most modern scholars argue for an earlier or later date, the most agreed

6 BC and 4 BC. Herod Archelaus deposed by Augustus; Samaria, Judea and Idumea annexed as Iudaea Province under direct Roman administration, capitalvat Census of Quirinius, opposed by Zealots(JA18, Luke 2:1–3, Acts 5:37)

7-26 Brief period of peace, relatively free of revolt and bloodshed in Iudaea & Galilee

9 Pharisee leader Hillel the Elder dies, temporary rise of Shammai

19 Jews, Jewish proselytes, astrologers, expelled from Rome^[3]

26-36 Pontius Pilate, Prefect (governor) of Iudaea, recalled to Rome by Syrian Legate Vitellius on complaints of excess violence (JA18.4.2)

Main article: Chronology of Jesus

28 or 29 John the Baptist begins his ministry in the "15th year of Tiberius" (Luke 3:1–2), saying: "Repent, for the kingdom of heavenis near" (Matthew 3:1–2),
a relative of Jesus (Luke 1:36), a Nazirite (Luke 1:15), baptized Jesus (Mark 1:4–11), later arrested and beheaded by Herod Antipas (Luke 3:19–20),
it's possible that, according to Josephus' chronology, John was not killed until 36 (JA18.5.2)^[4]

Shortly after the death of Jesus (Nisan 14 or 15), the Jerusalem church is founded
as the first Christian church with about 120 Jews and Jewish Proselytes (Acts 1:15),

Paul's "Road to Damascus" conversion to "Apostle to the Gentiles" is first recorded in 9:13-16, cf. Gal 1:11-24. Peter baptizes the

Roman Centurion Cornelius, who is traditionally considered the first Gentile convert to Christianity (1
The Antioch church is founded, it was there that the term Christian was first used

37-41 Crisis under Caligula, proposed as the first open break between Rome and the Jews

47 The Church of the East is created by Saint Thomas

49 "Since the Jews constantly made disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus,he [Claudius]
expelled them from Rome." (referenced in Acts 18:2)

50 Passover riot in Jerusalem, 20-30,000 killed (JA20.5.3,JW2.12.1)

52 November 21 St. Thomas the Apostle lands in India. Establishes churches
at Kodungalloor, Palayoor, Paraur, Kottakkav, Kokkamangalam, Nilakkal, Niranam and Kollam

55? "Egyptian prophet" (allusion to Moses) and 30,000 unarmed Jews doing The Exodus reenactment
massacred by Procurator Antonius Felix (JW2.13.5, JA20.8.6, Acts 21:38)

58? Paul arrested, accused of being a revolutionary, "ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes",
teaching resurrection of the dead, imprisoned in Caesarea (Acts 23-26)

60? Paul in Rome: greeted by many "brothers", three days later calls together the Jewish leaders,
        who hadn't received any word from Judea about him but were curious about "this sect", which
        everywhere is spoken against; he tries to convince them from the "law and prophets", with partial success –
        said the Gentiles would listen, and spends two years proclaiming the Kingdom of God and teaching "the
        Lord Jesus Christ" (Acts 28:15-31); Epistle to Philemon written?

62 James the Just stoned to death for law transgression by High Priest Ananus ben Artanus,
popular opinion against act results in Ananus being deposed by new procurator Lucceius Albinus

64-68 after July 18 Great Fire of Rome, Nero blames and persecutes the Christians (or Chrestians,
          Peter crucified upside-down? (Jn 21:18,1 Pet 5:13,Tertullian's Prescription Against Heretics,
          "...a vast multitude, were convicted, not so much of the crime of incendiarism as of hatred
          of the human race. And in their deaths they were made the subjects of sport; for they were
          wrapped in the hides of wild beasts and torn to pieces by dogs, or nailed to crosses, or set
          on fire, and when day declined, were burned to serve for nocturnal lights." (Annals (Tacitus) XV.44)

66-73 Great Jewish Revolt: destruction of Herod's Temple and end of Judaism according to
Supersessionism, Qumran community (site of Dead Sea Scrolls found in 1947)destroyed

70(+/-10)? Gospel of Mark, written in Rome, by Peter's interpreter (1 Peter 5:13), original ending
apparently lost, endings added c. 400, see Mark 16

72, July 3 Martyrdom of St. Thomas the Apostle at Chinnamala, Mylapore, Chennai (Tamil Nadu)

80(+/-20)? Gospel of Matthew, based on Mark and Q, most popular in Early Christianity

80(+/-20)? Gospel of Luke, based on Mark and Q, also Acts of the Apostles by same author

95(+/-30)? Gospel of John and Epistles of John

95(+/-10)? Book of Revelation written, by John (son of Zebedee) and/or a disciple of his

96 Nerva modifies the Fiscus Judaicus, from then on, practising Jews pay the tax, Christians do not

Ante-Nicene Period[edit]

100-150? Apocryphon of James, Gospel of Mary Magdalene, Gospel of James, Infancy Gospel of Thomas, Secret Gospel of Mark(Complete Gospels, published by Jesus Seminar)
120? Rabbi Tarfon advocates burning the Gospels^[16]
125(+/-5)? 2 Peter written, widely accepted into canon by the early 4th century
132-135 Bar Kokhba's revolt: final Jewish revolt, Judea and Jerusalem erased from maps, region renamed Syria Palæstina (the term Palestine was originally coined by Herodotus), Jerusalem renamed Aelia Capitolina
189-198 Pope Victor I: 1st Latin Pope, excommunicated Eastern churches that continued to observe Easter on Nisan 14 Quartodeciman
220?-340? Codex Tchacos, manuscript containing a copy of the Gospel of Judas, is written
301 – Armenia is the first kingdom in history to adopt Christianity as state religion
306 Synod of Elvira prohibits relations between Christians and Jews
313 Edict of Milan: Constantine and Licinius end persecution, establish toleration of Christianity

313? Traditional date for founding of the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre
321 Constantine decrees Sunday as state "day of rest" (CJ3.12.2), see also Sol Invictus

First Seven Ecumenical Councils[edit]

Constantine called the First Council of Nicaea in 325 to unify Christology, also called the first great Christian council by Jerome, the first ecumenical, decreed the Original Nicene Creed, but rejected by Nontrinitarians such as Arius, Theonas, Secundus of Ptolemais, Eusebius of Nicomedia, and Theognis of Nicaea who were excommunicated, also addressed Easter controversy and passed 20 Canon laws such as Canon VII which granted special recognition to Jerusalem.

325, 20 May- 19 June: The First Council of Nicaea
325 The Kingdom of Aksum (Modern Ethiopia and Eritrea) declares Christianity as the official state religion, becoming the 2nd country to do so
325 Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, ordered built by Constantine
326, November 18 Pope Sylvester I consecrates the Basilica of St. Peter built by Constantine the Great over the tomb of the Apostle
328-373 Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, first cite of modern 27 book New Testament canon
330 Old Church of the Holy Apostles, dedicated by Constantine
330, May 11: Constantinople solemly inaugurated. Constantine moves the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium, renaming it New Rome
331 Constantine commissions Eusebius to deliver 50 Bibles for the Church of Constantinople^[27]
335 Council in Jerusalem reverses Nicaea's condemnation of Arius, consecrates Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulchre
337? Mirian III of Iberia (present-day Georgia) adopts Christianity.^[28]
337, May 22: Constantine the Great dies (baptized shortly prior to his death)
341-379 Shapur II's persecution of Persian Christians
343? Catholic Council of Sardica, canons confirmed by Pope Julius
350? Julius Firmicus Maternus
350? Codex Sinaiticus(א), Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209(B): earliest Christian Bibles, Alexandrian text-type
350? Ulfilas, Arian, apostle to the Goths, translates Greek NT to Gothic
350? Comma Johanneum 1Jn5:7b-8a(KJV)
350? Aëtius, Arian, "Syntagmation": "God is agennetos (unbegotten)", founder of Anomoeanism
350? School of Nisibis founded
353-367 Hilary, bishop of Poitiers
355-365 Antipope Felix II, Arian, supported by Constantius II, consecrated by Acacius of Caesarea
357 Council of Sirmium issues so-called Blasphemy of Sirmium or Seventh Arian Confession,^[29] called high point of Arianism
359 Council of Rimini, Dated Creed (Acacians); Pope Liberius rejects Arian creed of council
360 Julian the Apostate becomes the last non-Christian Roman Emperor
363-364 Council of Laodicea: Canon 29 decreed anathema for Christians who rest on the Sabbath, disputed Canon 60 named 26 NT books (excluded Revelation)
366-367 Antipope Ursicinus, rival to Pope Damasus I
367-403 Epiphanius, Bishop of Salamis, wrote Panarion against heresies
370-379 Basil the Great, Bishop of Caesarea
370? Doctrine of Addai at Edessa proclaims 17 book NT canon using Diatessaron (instead of the 4 Gospels) + Acts + 15 Pauline Epistles (inc. 3 Corinthians) Syriac Orthodox Church
370 (d. ca.) Optatus of Milevis, who in his conflict with the sectarian Donatists stressed unity and catholicity as marks of the Church over and above holiness, and also that the sacraments derived their validity from God, not from the priest
372-394 Gregory, Bishop Of Nyssa
373 Ephrem the Syrian, cited Western Acts
374-397 Ambrose, governor of Milan until 374, then made Bishop of Milan
375-395 Ausonius, Christian governor of Gaul
379-381 Gregory Nazianzus, Bishop of Constantinople
380, February 27: Emperor Theodosius I issues the Edict of Thessalonica, declaring Nicene Christianity as the state church of the Roman Empire^[30]
380, November 24: Emperor Theodosius I is baptised
381 First Council of Constantinople, 2nd ecumenical: Jesus had true human soul, Nicene Creed of 381
382 Catholic Council of Rome under Pope Damasus I sets the Biblical Canon, listing the inspired books of the Old Testament and the New Testament (disputed)
383? Frumentius, Apostle of Ethiopia
385 Priscillian, first heretic to be executed?
386 Cyril of Jerusalem: wrote compellingly of catholicity of the Church
390? Apollinaris, Bishop of Laodicea, believed Jesus had human body but divine spirit
391: The Theodosian decrees outlaw most pagan rituals still practiced in Rome
396-430 Augustine, bishop of Hippo, considered the founder of formalized Christian theology (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers)
397? Saint Ninian evangelizes Picts in Scotland
398-404 John Chrysostom, Patriarch of Constantinople, see also List of Patriarchs of Constantinople, (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers)
400: Jerome's Vulgate (Latin edition and translation of the Bible) is published
400? Ethiopic Bible: in Ge'ez, 81 books, standard Ethiopian Orthodox Bible
400? Peshitta Bible in Syriac (Aramaic), Syr(p), OT + 22 NT, excludes: 2Pt, 2-3Jn, Jude, Rev; standard Syriac Orthodox Church Bible
406 Armenian Bible, translated by Saint Mesrop, standard Armenian Orthodox Bible
410, 24 August: Sack of Rome by Alaric and the Visigoths
412-444 Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, coined Hypostatic union
418-419 Antipope Eulalius, rival to Pope Boniface I
420 St. Jerome, Vulgate translator, Latin scholar, cited expanded ending in Mark after Mark 16:8, Pericope of the Adultress addition to John (John 7:53-8:11) (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers)
423-457 Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus, noted Tatian's Diatesseron in heavy use, wrote a Church History
431 Council of Ephesus, 3rd ecumenical: repudiated Nestorianism, decreed Mary the Mother of God, forbade any changes to Nicene Creed of 381, rejected by the Persian Church, leading to the Nestorian Schism
432 St Patrick begins his mission in Ireland. Almost the entire nation is Christian by the time of his death in a conversion that is both incredibly successful and largely bloodless
440-461 Pope Leo the Great: sometimes considered the first pope (of influence) by non-Catholics, stopped Attila the Hun at Rome, issued Tome in support of Hypostatic Union, approved Council of Chalcedon but rejected canons in 453
449 Second Council of Ephesus, Monophysite: Jesus was divine but not human
450? Codex Alexandrinus(A): Alexandrian text-type; Codex Bezae(D): Greek/Latin Gospels + Acts; Codex Washingtonianus(W): Greek Gospels; both of Western text-type
450? std. Aramaic Targums, Old Testament in Aramaic
450? Socrates Scholasticus Church History of 305-438; Sozomen Church History of 323-4
451 Council of Chalcedon, 4th ecumenical, declared Jesus is a Hypostatic Union: both human and divine in one (Chalcedonian Creed), rejected by Oriental Orthodoxy
455: Sack of Rome by the Vandals. The spoils of the Temple of Jerusalem previously taken by Titus are allegedly among the treasures taken to Carthage
456? Eutyches of Constantinople, Monophysite
465? Prosper of Aquitaine
476, September 4 Emperor Romulus Augustus is deposed in Rome, marked by many as the fall of the Western Roman Empire
484-519 Acacian Schism, over Henoticon, divides Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) churches
491 Armenian Orthodox split from East (Greek) and West (Latin) churches
495, May 13 Vicar of Christ decreed a title of Bishop of Rome by Pope Gelasius I
496 Clovis I, King of the Franks, baptized
498-499,501-506 Antipope Laurentius, rival of Pope Symmachus, Laurentian schism
500? Incense introduced in Christian church service, first plans of Vatican
524 Boethius, Roman Christian philosopher, wrote "Theological Tractates", Consolation of Philosophy; (Loeb Classics) (Latin)
525 Dionysius Exiguus defines Christian calendar (AD)
527 Fabius Planciades Fulgentius
529 Benedict of Nursia establishes his first monastery in the Abbey of Monte Cassino, Italy, where he writes the Rule of St Benedict
530 Antipope Dioscorus, possibly a legitimate Pope
535-536 Unusual climate changes recorded
537-555 Pope Vigilius, involved in death of Pope Silverius, conspired with Justinian and Theodora, on April 11, 548 issued Judicatumsupporting Justinian's anti-Hypostatic Union, excommunicated by bishops of Carthage in 550
538 Byzantine general Belisarius defeats last Arian kingdom; Western Europe completely Catholic
541-542 Plague of Justinian
543 Justinian condemns Origen, disastrous earthquakes hit the world
544 Justinian condemns the Three Chapters of Theodore of Mopsuestia (died 428) and other writings of Hypostatic Union Christologyof Council of Chalcedon
550 St. David converts Wales, crucifix introduced
553 Second Council of Constantinople, 5th ecumenical, called by Justinian
556-561 Pope Pelagius I, selected by Justinian, endorsed Judicatum
563 Columba goes to Scotland to evangelize Picts, establishes monastery at Iona
567 Cassiodorus
589 Catholic Third Council of Toledo: Reccared and the Visigoths convert from Arianism to Catholicism and Filioque clause is added to Nicene Creed of 381
590-604 Pope Gregory the Great, whom many consider the greatest pope ever, reforms church structure and administration and establishes Gregorian Chant, Seven deadly sins
591-628 Theodelinda, Queen of the Lombards, began gradual conversion from Arianism to Catholicism
596 St. Augustine of Canterbury sent by Pope Gregory to evangelise the Jutes
600? Evagrius Scholasticus, Church History of AD431-594^[31]
604 Saxon cathedral created (by Mellitus) where St Paul's Cathedral in London now stands
609 Pantheon, Rome renamed Church of Santa Maria Rotonda
612? Bobbio monastery in northern Italy
613 Abbey of St. Gall in Switzerland
614 Khosrau II of Persia conquers Damascus, Jerusalem, takes Holy Cross of Christ
622 Mohammed founds Islam after fleeing to Mecca
624 Battle of Badr, considered beginning of Islamic Empire
625 Paulinus of York comes to convert Northumbria
628 Babai the Great, pillar of Church of the East, dies
628-629 Battle of Mut'ah: Heraclius recovers Cross of Christ and Jerusalem from Islam until 638
632 Eorpwald of East Anglia baptized under influence of Edwin of Northumbria
634-644 Umar, 2nd Sunni Islam Caliph: capital at Damascus, conquered Syria in 635, defeated Heraclius at Battle of Yarmuk in 636, conquered Egypt and Armenia in 639, Persia in 642
635 Cynegils of Wessex baptized by Bishop Birinus
664 Synod of Whitby unites Celtic Christianity of British Isles with Roman Catholicism
680-681 Third Council of Constantinople, 6th ecumenical, against Monothelites, condemned Pope Honorius I, Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople, Heraclius' Ecthesis
681-686 Wilfrid converts Sussex
687-691 Dome of the Rock built
690? Old English Bible translations
692 Orthodox Quinisext Council, convoked by Justinian II, approved Canons of the Apostles of Apostolic Constitutions, Clerical celibacy, rejected by Pope Constantine
698 Fall of Carthage
711-718 Umayyad conquest of Hispania
717-718 Second Arab siege of Constantinople
718-1492 Reconquista: Iberian Peninsula retaken by Roman Catholic Visigoth monarchs
718 Saint Boniface, archbishop of Mainz; an Englishman, given commission by Pope Gregory II to evangelize the Germans
720? Disentis Abbey of Switzerland
730-787 First Iconoclasm: Byzantine Emperor Leo III bans Christian icons; Pope Gregory II excommunicates him
731 English Church History written by Bede
732 Battle of Tours stops Islam from expanding westward
750? Tower added to St Peter's Basilica at the front of the atrium
752? Donation of Constantine, granted Western Roman Empire to the Pope (later proved a forgery)
756 Donation of Pepin recognizes Papal States
781 Nestorian Stele, Daqin Pagoda, Jesus Sutras, Christianity in China
787 Second Council of Nicaea, 7th ecumenical: ends first Iconoclasm
793 Sacking of the monastery of Lindisfarne marks the beginning of Viking raids on Christendom

Middle Ages[edit]

800 King Charlemagne of the Franks is crowned first Holy Roman Emperor of the West by Pope Leo III
849-865 Ansgar, Archbishop of Bremen, "Apostle of the North", began evangelisation of North Germany, Denmark, Sweden
855 Antipope Anastasius: Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor appoints him over Pope Benedict III but popular pressure causes withdrawal
863 Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius sent by the Patriarch of Constantinople to evangelise the Slavic peoples. They translate the Bible into Slavonic
869-870 Catholic Fourth Council of Constantinople condemns Patriarch Photius (rejected by Orthodox)
879-880 Orthodox Fourth Council of Constantinople restores Photius, condemns Pope Nicholas I and Filioque (rejected by Catholics)
897, January Cadaver Synod: Pope Stephen VI conducts trial against dead Pope Formosus, public uprising against Stephen leads to his imprisonment and strangulation
909 Abbey of Cluny, Benedictine monastery, founded in France
966 Duke Mieszko I of Poland baptised; Poland becomes a Christian country
984 Antipope Boniface VII, murdered Pope John XIV, alleged to have murdered Pope Benedict VI in 974
988? Christianization of Kievan Rus'
991 Archbishop Arnulf of Rheims accuses Pope John XV of being the Antichrist
997-998 Antipope John XVI, deposed by Pope Gregory V and his cousin Holy Roman Emperor Otto III
1000 or 1001 Saint Stephen of Hungary crowned; Hungary becomes a Christian country
1001 Byzantine emperor Basil II and Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah execute a treaty guaranteeing the protection of Christian pilgrimage routes in the Middle East
1009 Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah destroys the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, built over the tomb of Jesus in Jerusalem, and then rebuilds it to its current state
1012 Antipope Gregory VI, removed by Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor
1030 Battle of Stiklestad, considered victory of Christianity over Norwegian paganism
1045 Sigfrid of Sweden, Benedictine evangelist
1046 Council of Sutri: Pope Sylvester III exiled, Pope Gregory VI admits to buying the papacy and resigns, Pope Benedict IX resigns, council appoints Pope Clement II
1054 East–West Schism split between Eastern (Orthodox Christianity) and Western (Roman Catholic) churches formalized
1058–1059 Antipope Benedict X, defeated in war with Pope Nicholas II and Normans
1061–1064 Antipope Honorius II, rival of Pope Alexander II
1065 Westminster Abbey consecrated
1073–1085 Pope Gregory VII: Investiture Controversy with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, proponent of clerical celibacy, opponent of simony, concubinage, Antipope Clement III
1079 Stanislaus of Szczepanów, patron saint of Poland
1080 Hospital of Saint John the Baptist founded in Jeruselem by merchants from Amalfi and Salerno – serves as the foundation for the Knights Hospitaller
1082 Engelberg Abbey of Switzerland built
1093–1109 Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, writes Cur Deus Homo (Why God Became Man), a landmark exploration of the Atonement
1095–1291 10 Crusades, first called by Pope Urban II at Council of Clermont against Islamic Empire, to reconquer the Holy Land for Christendom
1098 Foundation of the reforming monastery of Cîteaux, leads to the growth of the Cistercian order
1101 Antipope Theodoric and Antipope Adalbert deposed by Pope Paschal II
1113 Knights Hospitaller confirmed by Papal bull of Pope Paschal II, listing Blessed Gerard (Gerard Thom) as founder, (a.k.a. Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, Knights of Malta, Knights of Rhodes, and Chevaliers of Malta)
1118 Knights Templar founded, to defend Holy Land
1123 Catholic First Lateran Council
1124 Conversion of Pomerania – first mission of Otto of Bamberg
1128 Holyrood Abbey in Scotland
1128 Conversion of Pomerania – second mission of Otto of Bamberg
1130 Peter of Bruys burned at the stake
1131 Tintern Abbey founded in Wales
1131–1138 Antipope Anacletus II
1139 Catholic Second Lateran Council
1140? Decretum Gratiani, Catholic Canon law
1142 Peter Abélard, Letters of Abelard and Heloise
1144 The Saint Denis Basilica of Abbot Suger is the first major building in the style of Gothic architecture
1154–1159 Pope Adrian IV, first (and to date only) English pope
1155 Theotokos of Vladimir arrives to Bogolyubovo
1155 Carmelites founded
1163 Construction begins on Notre Dame de Paris
1168 Conversion of Pomerania – Principality of Rugia missioned by Absalon
1173 Waldensians founded
1179 Catholic Third Lateran Council
1191 Teutonic Knights founded
1204–1261 Latin Empire of Constantinople
1205 Saint Francis of Assisi becomes a hermit, founding the Franciscan order of friars; renounces wealth and begins his ministry
1208 Start of the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars
1214 Rosary is reportedly given to St. Dominic (who founded Dominican Order) by an apparition of Mary
1215 Catholic Fourth Lateran Council decrees special dress for Jews and Muslims, and declares Waldensians, founded by Peter Waldo, as heretics. One of the goals is the elimination of the heresy of the Cathars
1219 Francis of Assisi crosses enemy lines during the Fifth Crusade to speak to Sultan al-Kamil; the meeting ends with a meal. James of Vitry writes that Muslim soldiers returned Francis and another friar, Illuminato, "with signs of honor."^[32]
1220–1263 St Alexander Nevsky, holy patron of Russia
1231 Charter of the University of Paris granted by Pope Gregory IX
1241 Pope Gregory IX denounced as Antichrist by Eberhard II von Truchsees, Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg, at the Council of Regensburg
1245 Catholic First Council of Lyon
1252, May 15 Ad exstirpanda: Pope Innocent IV authorizes use of torture in Inquisitions
1260 Date at which a 1988 Vatican sponsored scientific study places the origin of the Shroud of Turin
1263, July 20–24 The Disputation of Barcelona is held at the royal palace of King James I of Aragon in the presence of the King, his court, and many prominent ecclesiastical dignitaries and knights, between a convert from Judaism to Christianity Dominican Friar Pablo Christiani and Rabbi Nachmanides
1274 Summa Theologiae, written by Thomas Aquinas, theologian and philosopher, landmark systematic theology which later becomes official Catholic doctrine
1274 Catholic Second Council of Lyon
1291 Last Crusader city (Acre) falls to the Mamelukes

Renaissance[edit]

1308–1321 Divine Comedy (Divina Commedia), by Dante Alighieri; most consensual dates are: Inferno written between 1307–1308, Purgatorio from 1307–1308 to 1313–1314 and last the Paradiso from 1313–1314 to 1321 (year of Dante's death)
1307 The arrest of many of the Knights Templar, beginning confiscation of their property and extraction of confessions under torture
1305–1378 Avignon Papacy, Popes reside in Avignon, France
1311–1312 Catholic Council of Vienne disbands Knights Templar
1313 Foundation of the legendary Order of the Rose Cross (Rosicrucian Order), a mystic Christian fraternity for the first time expounded in the major Christian literary work The Divine Comedy^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]
1314 Jacques de Molay, last Grandmaster of Knights Templar, burned at the stake
1326 Metropolitan Peter moves his see from Kiev to Moscow
1341–1351 Orthodox Fifth Council of Constantinople
1342 Marsilius of Padua
1345 Sergii Radonezhskii founds a hermitage in the woods, which grows into the Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra
1378–1418 Western Schism in Roman Catholicism
1380–1382 Wycliffe's Bible, by John Wycliffe, eminent theologian at Oxford, NT in 1380, OT (with help of Nicholas of Hereford) in 1382, translations into Middle English, 1st complete translation to English, includes deuterocanonical books, preaches against abuses, expresses anti-catholic views of the sacraments (Penance and Eucharist), the use of relics, and clerical celibacy
1388 Twenty-five Articles of the Lollards published
1408 Council of Oxford forbids translations of the Scriptures into the vernacular, unless and until they are fully approved by church authority
1409 Council of Pisa declares Roman Pope Gregory XII and Avignon Pope Benedict XIII deposed, electsd Pope Alexander V (called the Pisan Pope)
1414–1418 Catholic Council of Constance asks Gregory XII, Benedict XIII, Pisan Pope John XXIII to resign their papal claims, then elects Pope Martin V; condemns John Wycliffe and Jan Hus, who is burned at the stake
1423–1424 Council of Siena
1425 Catholic University of Leuven
1430? Andrei Rublev, the greatest of medieval icon-painters
1431 St. Joan of Arc, French national heroine, burned at the stake
1431–1445 Catholic Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence
1439 Notre-Dame de Strasbourg, highest building in the world until 1874
1452 Dum Diversas, papal bull issued on 18 June 1452, credited with ushering in the West African slave trade in Europe and the New World
1453 Fall of Constantinople, overrun by Ottoman Empire
1455 Gutenberg Bible, first printed Bible, by Johann Gutenberg
1473–1481 Sistine Chapel built
1478 Spanish Inquisition established by Pope Sixtus IV
1483 Martin Luther born in Eisleben
1484 December 5, Summis desiderantes against Witchcraft issued by Pope Innocent VIII
1487 Persecution and crusade against the Waldensians instigated by Pope Innocent VIII
1492 Columbus opens new continents to Christianity
1498 Girolamo Savonarola, Dominican priest, writes Bonfire of the Vanities
1506 Pope Julius II orders the Old St. Peter's Basilica torn down and authorizes Donato Bramante to plan a new structure (demolition completed in 1606); Vatican Swiss Guard founded
1508–1512 Michelangelo frescoes the Sistine Chapel's vaulted ceiling
1512–1517 Catholic Fifth Council of the Lateran: condemned Conciliarism

Reformation[edit]

1517 95 Theses of Martin Luther begins German Protestant Reformation
1518 Heidelberg Disputation: Martin Luther puts forth his Theology of the Cross
1519 Leipzig Debate between Martin Luther and Johann Eck
1520 Luther publishes three monumental works, To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and On the Freedom of a Christian
1521 Luther refuses to recant his works at the Diet of Worms
1521 Papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem (It Pleases the Roman Pontiff) excommunicates Luther
1521 Ferdinand Magellan claims the Philippines for Spain, first mass and subsequent conversion to Catholicism, first in East Asia
1522 Luther Bible, German NT translation
1524 The Freedom of the Will published by Erasmus
1525 On the Bondage of the Will published by Luther in response to Erasmus
1525 Anabaptist movement begins
1526 Tyndale's NT, English NT translation from 1516 Greek text of Erasmus, first printed edition, reflects influence of Luther's NT in rejecting priest for elder, church for congregation, banned in 1546 by Henry VIII of England
1526 Luther publishes his German Mass and The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics, his first written work against the Sacramentarians
1528 Reformation in Denmark-Norway and Holstein, Lutheranism is officially adopted
1528 Luther affirms the real presence of Christ's body and blood in his Confession Concerning Christ's Supper
1529 Marburg Colloquy, Luther defends doctrine of Real Presence in discussion with Zwingli
1530 Augsburg Confession, first doctrinal statement of the Lutheran Church
1531 Huldrych Zwingli is killed during the Second war of Kappel
1531 Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico: According to tradition, when the roses fell from it the icon of the Virgin of Guadalupe appeared imprinted on the cactus cloth. The sudden, extraordinary success of the evangelizing of ten million Indians in the decade of 1531–1541.
1534 Henry VIII establishes new independent entity Church of England, see also English Reformation
1534 Jesuit order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, helped reconvert large areas of Poland, Hungary, and south Germany and sent missionaries to the New World, India, and China
1535–1537 Myles Coverdale's Bible, used Tyndale's NT along with Latin and German versions, included Apocrypha at the end of the OT (like Luther's Bible of 1534) as was done in later English versions, 1537 edition received royal licence, but banned in 1546 by Henry VIII
1535 Thomas More refuses to accept King Henry VIII's claim to be the supreme head of the Church in England, and is executed
1535–1679 Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
1536 Desiderius Erasmus, eminent Dutch humanist and editor of the Textus Receptus, dies
1536 Tyndale put to death, left his OT translation in manuscript, English ecclesiastical authorities ordered his Bible burned because it was thought to be part of Lutheran reform
1536 Institutes of the Christian Religion written by John Calvin (Calvinism)
1536 John of Leiden, fanatic Dutch Anabaptist
1536 Jacob Hutter, founder of Hutterites
1536 Helvetic Confessions of the Reformed Churches of Switzerland
1536–1540 Dissolution of the Monasteries in England, Wales and Ireland
1536 Pilgrimage of Grace
1536–1541 Michelangelo paints "The Last Judgement"
1537 Christian III of Denmark decreed Lutheranism state religion of Norway and Denmark
1537 Luther writes Smalcald Articles
1537–1551 Matthew Bible, by John Rogers, based on Tyndale and Coverdale received royal licence but not authorized for use in public worship, numerous editions, 1551 edition contained offensive notes (based on Tyndale)
1539–1569 Great Bible, by Thomas Cromwell, 1st English Bible to be authorized for public use in English churches, defective in many places, based on last Tyndale's NT of 1534–1535, corrected by a Latin version of the Hebrew OT, Latin Bible of Erasmus, and Complutensian Polyglot, last edition 1569, never denounced by England
1541 John Calvin returns to Geneva
1542 Roman Inquisition established by Pope Paul III
1542 Robert Bellarmine born – became a Cardinal Inquisitor under Pope Clement VIII
1543 Parliament of England bans Tyndale's translation as a "crafty, false and untrue translation"
1545–1563 Catholic Council of Trent: Counter-Reformation against Protestantism, clearly defined an official theology and biblical canon
1549 Original Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England written by Thomas Cranmer
1551 The Stoglav Church Council (One Hundred Chapters) Moscow, Russia
1552 Joachim Westphal starts controversy against Calvinists, defending Lutheran doctrine of Real Presence
1552 Francis Xavier, Jesuit missionary, "Apostle of the Indies"
1553 Pontifical Gregorian University founded at Vatican City
1553 Michael Servetus founder of Unitarianism, burned at the stake in Geneva
1553–1558 Queen Mary I of England persecutes reformers: John Rogers, Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Ridley, Thomas Cranmer; of 238 burned at the stake
1555 Peace of Augsburg gives religious freedom in Germany only to Lutheran Protestants
1558 Church of England permanently reestablished after Mary I of England dies
1559 Military Order of the Golden Spur founded by Pope Paul IV
1560 Geneva Bible, NT a revision of Matthew's version of Tyndale with use of Theodore Beza's NT (1556), OT a thorough revision of Great Bible, appointed to be read in Scotland (but not England), at least 140 editions, first Bible with chapter and verse numbers
1560 Scots Confession, Church of Scotland, Scottish Reformation
1560–1598 French Wars of Religion
1560–1812 Goa Inquisition, persecution of Hindus and Jews in India, see also Christianity in India
1561 Menno Simons, founder of Mennonites
1563 Thirty-Nine Articles of Church of England, also decreed Biblical canon
1563 Heidelberg Catechism of Reformed churches
1565-73 Examination of the Council of Trent by Martin Chemnitz
1566 Roman Catechism and Index of Prohibited Books published
1569 Metropolitan Philip of Moscow strangled by Malyuta Skuratov
1571 Dutch Reformed Church established
1571 Battle of Lepanto saves Christian Europe; Pope Pius V organizes the Holy League led by Don Juan de Austria to defend Europe from the larger Islamic Ottoman forces (230 galleys and 56 galliots)
1572 John Knox founds Scottish Presbyterian Church, due to disagreement with Lutherans over sacraments and church government
1572–1606 Bishops' Bible, a revision of the Great Bible checked against the Hebrew text, 1st to be published in England by episcopal authority
1572 St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: Thousands of Protestants murdered in France
1577 Formula of Concord adopted by German Lutherans
1579 Discovery of the holiest Russian icon, Our Lady of Kazan
1580 Book of Concord of Lutheranism
1582 St Teresa of Avila dies
1582 Gregorian calendar of Pope Gregory XIII adopted at different times in different regions of the world
1582 Rheims New Testament published – it later became part of the 1610 Douay–Rheims Bible
1585 Jesuit scholar Francisco Ribera publishes first futurist interpretation, of the Biblical books of Daniel and Revelation
1587 Toyotomi Hideyoshi expels Jesuits from Kyūshū
1587? Mission Nombre De Dios in St. Augustine, Florida, considered first Catholic mission to North America^[37]
1588 Spanish Armada defeated in its efforts to reconquer England for Catholicism
1589 Metropolitan Jove is elected the first Patriarch of Moscow
1590 Michelangelo's dome in St Peter's Basilica completed
1591 St John of the Cross
1592 The Clementine Vulgate of Pope Clement VIII, replaced the Sistine Vulgate of 1590, the standard Latin Catholic Bible until the Second Vatican Council
1596 Ukrainian Catholic Church forms when Ukrainian subjects of the king of Poland are reunited with Rome, largest Byzantine Catholic Church
1598 Edict of Nantes grants toleration to French Protestants (Huguenots)
1600 Giordano Bruno, Dominican priest, burned at the stake

17th century[edit]

1604 Fausto Paolo Sozzini Socinianism
1606 Carlo Maderno redesigns St Peter's Basilica into a Latin cross
1607 Jamestown, Virginia founded
1608 Quebec City founded by Samuel de Champlain
1609 Baptist Church founded by John Smyth, due to objections to infant baptism and demands for church-state separation
1609–1610 Douay-Rheims Bible, 1st Catholic English translation, OT published in two volumes, based on an unofficial Louvain text corrected by Sistine Vulgate, NT is Rheims text of 1582
1611 King James Version (Authorised Version) is published, based primarily on Tyndale's work and Bishop's Bible of 1572, first printings included separate Apocrypha between the testaments
1614 Fama Fraternitatis, the first Rosicrucian manifesto (may have been in circulation ca. 1610) presenting "The Fraternity of the Rose Cross"
1615 Confessio Fraternitatis, the second Rosicrucian manifesto describing the "Most Honorable Order" as Christian^[38]
1616 Chemical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz, the third Rosicrucian manifesto (an hermetic allegory presenting alchemical and Christian elements)
1618–1648 Thirty Years' War
1620 Plymouth Colony founded by Puritans
1622–1642 Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu
1630 City upon a Hill, sermon by John Winthrop
1634-37 Confessio catholica by Lutheran theologian Johann Gerhard
1635 Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony, for advocating separation of church and state
1636 Founding of what was later known as Harvard University as a training school for ministers – the first of thousands of institutions of Christian higher education founded in the USA
1636–1638 Cornelius Jansen, bishop of Ypres, founder of Jansenism
1637–1638 Shimabara Rebellion
1638 Anne Hutchinson banished as a heretic from Massachusetts
1641 John Cotton, advocate of theonomy, helps to establish the social constitution of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
1643 Acta Sanctorum
1643 John Campanius arrives in New Sweden
1644 Rhode Island founded by Roger Williams as first colony to establish complete religious liberty
1644 Long Parliament directs that only Hebrew canon be read in the Church of England (effectively removing the Apocrypha)
1646 Westminster Standards produced by the Assembly, one of the first and undoubtedly the most important and lasting religious document drafted after the reconvention of the Parliament, also decrees Biblical canon
1648 George Fox founds the Quaker movement
1648 Treaty of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War, extends religious toleration to Calvinists
1650 Bishop James Ussher calculates date of creation as October 23, 4004 BC
1653-56 Raskol of the Russian Orthodox Church
1655–1677, Abraham Calovius publishes Systema Iocorum theologicorum, height of Lutheran scholasticism
1660–1685 King Charles II of England, restoration of monarchy, continuing through James II, reversed decision of Long Parliament of 1644, reinstating the Apocrypha, reversal not heeded by non-conformists
1666 Paul Gerhardt, Lutheran pastor and hymnwriter, is removed from his position as a pastor in Nikolaikirche in Berlin, when he refuses to accept "syncretistic" edict of the Elector Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg
1672 Greek Orthodox Synod of Jerusalem: decreed Biblical canon
1675 Philipp Jakob Spener publishes Pia Desideria, which becomes a manifesto for Pietism
1678 John Bunyan publishes Pilgrim's Progress
1682 Avvakum, leader of the Old Believers, burned at the stake in the Far North of Russia
1683 Roger Williams, advocate of Separation of church and state, founder of Providence, Rhode Island, dies
1685 Edict of Fontainebleau outlaws Protestantism in France
1685 James II of England baptizes his son as a Catholic
1685 Orthodoxy introduced to Beijing by Russian Orthodox Church
1688 'Glorious Revolution' overthrows James II of England over fears of Catholic restoration; William of Orange takes English throne
1689 English Bill of Rights establishes religious liberty
1692 Salem witch trials held in Colonial America
1692–1721 Chinese Rites controversy
1693 Jacob Amman founds Amish sect

18th century[edit]

1701 Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands splits with Roman Catholicism
1706 Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, missionary, arrives in Tranquebar
1707 Examen theologicum acroamaticum by David Hollatz: the last great Lutheran doctrinal work before the Age of Enlightenment
1718-22 Orthodox Lutheran Valentin Ernst Löscher publishes The Complete Timotheus Verinus against Pietism
1721 Peter the Great substitutes Moscow Patriarchate with the Holy Synod
1722 Hans Egede, missionary, arrives in Greenland
1728 The Vicar of Bray (song)
1730–1749 First Great Awakening in U.S.
1735 Welsh Methodist revival
1738 Methodist movement, led by John Wesley and his hymn-writing brother Charles, begins
1740 Johann Phillip Fabricius, missionary, arrives in South India
1741 Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, famous Fire and brimstone sermon
1741 George Frederick Handel performs his classic gospel oratorio "Messiah" for the first time
1754 An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture, by Isaac Newton, published
1767–1815 Suppression of the Jesuits
1768 New Smyrna, Florida, Greek Orthodox colony, founded
1768 Reimarus dies without publishing his radical critic work distinguishing Historical Jesus versus Christ of Faith
1769 Mission San Diego de Alcalá, first California mission
1771 Emanuel Swedenborg publishes his "Universal Theology of the True Christian Religion", later used by others to found Swedenborgianism
1774 Ann Lee, leader of American Shakers, emigrates to New York from England
1774 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing starts publishing Reimarus' works on historical Jesus as Anonymous Fragments, starting Liberal Theology Era (in Christology)
1776–1788 Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, critical of Christianity
1776 Mission Dolores, San Francisco
1779 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom: "Jesus never coerced anyone to follow him, and the imposition of a religion by government officials is impious"
1780 Robert Raikes begins Sunday schools to reach poor and uneducated children in England
1784 American Methodists form Methodist Episcopal Church at so-called "Christmas Conference", led by bishops Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury
1784 Roman Catholicism is re-introduced in Korea, and disseminates after almost 200 years since its first introduction in 1593
1789–1815 John Carroll, Archdiocese of Baltimore, first Roman Catholic US bishop
1789–1801 Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution
1791 First Amendment to the United States Constitution: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof"
1793 Herman of Alaska brings Orthodoxy to Alaska
1795 The Age of Reason, written by Thomas Paine, advocates Deism
1796 Treaty with Tripoli (1796), article 11: "the Government of the United States of America is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion"
1800 Friedrich Schleiermacher publishes his first book, beginning Liberal Christianity movement

19th century[edit]

1801 Cane Ridge Revival in Cane Ridge, Kentucky initiates the Christians (Stone Movement) wing of the Restoration Movement
1809 Disciples of Christ (Campbell Movement) wing of the Restoration Movement initiated with the publication of the Declaration and Address of the Christian Association of Washington
1815 Peter the Aleut, orthodox Christian, tortured and martyred in Catholic San Francisco, California
1816 Bishop Richard Allen, a former slave, founds the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first African-American denomination
1817 Claus Harms publishes 95 theses against rationalism and the Prussian Union of churches
1819 Thomas Jefferson produces the Jefferson Bible
1824 English translation of Wilhelm Gesenius' ...Handwörterbuch...: Hebrew-English Lexicon, Hendrickson Publishers
1827 Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg takes on the editorship of the Evangelische Kirchenzeitung, the chief literary organ of the Neo-Lutheranism
1828 Plymouth Brethren founded; promotes Dispensationalism
1830 Catherine Laboure receives Miraculous Medal from the Blessed Mother in Paris, France
1830 Charles Finney's revivals lead to Second Great Awakening in America
1830, April 6 Church of Christ (Mormonism, Latter Day Saint Movement) founded by Joseph Smith. Book of Mormon also published
1831 William Miller begins the Advent Movement, by preaching his first sermon on the Biblical books of Daniel and Revelation
1832 Christians (Stone Movement) and Disciples of Christ (Campbell Movement) merge to form the Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement
1832, February 28- Persecution of Old Lutherans: by a royal decree all Lutheran worship is declared illegal in Prussia in favour of the Prussian Union agenda^[39]
1833 John Keble's sermon "National Apostasy" initiates the Oxford Movement in England
1838–1839 Saxon Lutherans objecting to theological rationalism emigrate from Germany to the United States; settle in Perry County, Missouri. Leads to formation of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod
1843 Disruption of: schism within the established Church of Scotland
1844 Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder, missionary, arrives in Port Natal, South Africa
1844 Lars Levi Laestadius experiences awakening—beginning of Laestadianism
1844, October 22 Great Disappointment: false prediction of Second Coming of Christ by Millerites
1844, December Ellen G. White, co-founder and prophetess of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, has her first vision
1845 Southern Baptist Convention formed in Augusta, Georgia
1846 Bernadette Soubirous receives the first of 18 apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes in Lourdes, France. Six million a year visit Lourdes Shrine
1847 Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod founded in Chicago, Illinois
1847 John Christian Frederick Heyer, missionary, arrives in Andhra Pradesh, India
1848 Epistle to the Easterners and Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs response
1848 Perfectionist movement in western New York state
1849 Johann Konrad Wilhelm Löhe founds the first deaconess house in Neuendettelsau, Bavaria
1850 Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod founded in Milwaukee
1853 Synod of the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America founded outside Madison, Wisconsin
1854 Missionary Hudson Taylor arrives in China
1854 Immaculate Conception defined as Catholic dogma
1855 Søren Kierkegaard, founder of Christian existentialism
1855 Samuel Simon Schmucker begins attempt to replace the Augsburg Confession with the Definite Platform in the General Synod, leading to schism in 1866
1859 Ashbel Green Simonton, missionary, arrives in Brazil and founds Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil, the oldest Brazilian Protestant denomination
1863 Seventh-day Adventist Church officially formed 19 years after the Great Disappointment
1865 Methodist preacher William Booth founds the Salvation Army, vowing to bring the gospel into the streets to the most desperate and needy
1866 General Council (Lutheran) formed by ten Lutheran synods in the United States
1869–1870 Catholic First Vatican Council asserts doctrine of Papal Infallibility (rejected by Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland)
1870 Italy declares war on the Papal States; Italian Army enters Rome; Papal States cease to exist
1871 Pontmain, France is saved from advancing German troops with the appearing of Our Lady of Hope
1871–1878 German Kulturkampf against Roman Catholicism
1872 Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America organized
1876 Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (Germany) founded
1878 First translation of the New Testament into Batak by Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen
1879 Knock, Ireland is location of apparition of Our Lady, Queen of Ireland
1879 Church of Christ, Scientist founded in Boston by Mary Baker Eddy
1881–1894 Revised Version, called for by Church of England, uses Greek based on Septuagint (B) and (S), Hebrew Masoretic Textused in OT, follows Greek order of words, greater accuracy than AV, includes Apocrypha, scholarship never disputed
1884 Charles Taze Russell founds Bible Student movement
1885–1887 Uganda Martyrs
1885 Baltimore Catechism published
1886 Moody Bible Institute founded
1886 Onesimos Nesib begins translation of the entire Bible into the Oromo language
1886 Johann Flierl, missionary, arrives in New Guinea
1891 Albert Maclaren and Copland King, Anglican missionaries, arrive in New Guinea
1893 Heresy trial of Luther Alexander Gotwald
1894 The Kingdom of God is Within You, by Leo Tolstoy, start of Christian anarchism
1897 Christian flag conceived in Brooklyn, New York
1899 Gideons International founded

20th century[edit]

1903 First group baptism at Sattelberg Mission Station under Christian Keyser in New Guinea paves way for mass conversions during the following years
1904 Welsh revival
1904 Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil – Igreja Evangélica Luterana do Brasil – is founded in Juni 24, in São Pedro do Sul city, State Rio Grande do Sul
1905 French law on the separation of Church and State
1906 Albert Schweitzer publishes The Quest of the Historical Jesus (English translation 1910)
1906 Biblia Hebraica
1906–1909 Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles, California begins modern Pentecostal movement
1907 The Church of God in Christ is formed as a Pentecostal body
1907–1912 Nicholas of Japan, Archbishop of Japanese Orthodox Church
1908 Church of the Nazarene founded in Pilot Point, Texas
1909 Scofield Reference Bible published
1909–1911 The Rosicrucian Fellowship, an international association of Esoteric Christian mystics, founded at Mount Ecclesia
1910 Christian Congregation in Brazil founded in Santo Antônio da Platina, Brazil by Italo-American Louis Francescon. It begins Pentecostalism in Brazil and South America
1910 Edinburgh Missionary Conference launches modern missions movement and modern ecumenical movement; 5-point statement of the Presbyterian General Assembly also used by Fundamentalists
1910–1915 The Fundamentals, a 12-volume collection of essays by 64 British and American scholars and preachers, forms foundation of Fundamentalism
1913 Catholic Encyclopedia
1914 Welsh Church Act 1914
1914 Iglesia ni Cristo incorporated in the Philippines
1914 Paul Olaf Bodding completes his translation of the Bible into the Santali language
1915 Ellen G. White, co-founder and prophetess of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, dies
1915–1923 The Armenian Genocide occurs
1916 Father Divine founds International Peace Mission movement
1916 And did those feet in ancient time
1917 Heinrich Hansen publishes Lutheran Evangelical Catholic theses Stimuli et Clavi
1917 Our Lady of Fatima appears Marian apparitions to 3 young people, in Fátima, Portugal – Jacinta Marto, Francisco Marto and Lúcia Santos ("Sister Lucia")
1917 – 13 October Miracle of the Sun is witnessed by as many as 100,000 people in the Cova da Iria fields near Fátima, Portugal ("How the Sun Danced at Midday at Fátima")
1917 Restitution of the Moscow Patriarchy with Tikhon as patriarch
1917 True Jesus Church founded in Beijing
1918 Execution of Holy Martyrs of Russia, including the last tsar, Nicholas II, and his wife, Alexandra Feodorovna, by the Communists
1918 United Lutheran Church in America founded
1919 Karl Barth's Commentary on Romans is published, critiquing Liberal Christianity and beginning the neo-orthodox movement
1920 The Ecclesia, an Esoteric Christian Temple, is erected and dedicated on Christmas Day (December 25)
1921 Oxford Group founded at Oxford
1923 Aimee Semple McPherson builds Angelus Temple
1924 First religious radio station in the U.S., KFUO (AM), founded
1925 Scopes Trial causes division among Fundamentalists
1925 United Church of Canada formed
1925 St. Therese of Lisieux canonized
1925 The World Conference of Life and Work is held in Stockholm, Sweden
1926 Father Charles Coughlin's first radio broadcast
1926–1929 Cristero War in Mexico: The Constitution of 1917 brings persecution of Christian practices and anti-clerical laws – approximately 4,000 Catholic priests are expelled, assassinated or executed
1927 Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly founds the Congregation of Sisters of the Destitute
1927 Pope Pius XI decrees Comma Johanneum open to dispute
1929 Lateran Treaty signed, containing three agreements between kingdom of Italy and the papacy
1929 Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly dies
1929 Voice of Prophecy radio ministry founded by Seventh-day Adventist pastor H.M.S. Richards Sr.
1930 Rastafari movement founded
1930 Old American Lutheran Church founded
1930 The Lutheran Hour begins with Walter A. Maier as speaker
1931 Jehovah's Witnesses formally separate from the Bible Student movement
1931 Christ the Redeemer (statue) built in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1932 Franz Pieper's A Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod adopted by the LCMS
1932 Marian apparitions to five school children in Beauraing, Belgium as Lady Virgin of the Poor^[40]
1933 Catholic Worker Movement founded
1934 Herbert W. Armstrong founds Radio Church of God
1935 Gunnar Rosendal publishes Lutheran High Church manifesto Kyrklig förnyelse
1935 Dr. Frank C. Laubach, known as "The Apostle to the Illiterates", working in the Philippines, develops a literacy program that continues to teach millions of people to read
1935 Rahlf's critical edition of the Koine Greek Septuagint published
1935 Billy Sunday, early U.S. radio evangelist, dies
1938 First Debbarma Christian, Manindra Debbarma, is baptized at Agartala
1938 Tripura Baptist Christian Union established at Laxmilunga, Tripura
1939 Southern and Northern US branches of the Methodist Episcopal Church, along with the Methodist Protestant Church, reunite to form The Methodist Church (slavery had divided the church in the 19th century)
1940 Monumento Nacional de Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caidos, world's largest cross, 152.4 meters high
1942 National Association of Evangelicals founded
1945 On the Feast of the Annunciation, "Our Lady" appears to a simple woman, Ida Peerdeman, in Amsterdam. This is the first of 56 appearances as "Our Lady of All Nations",^[41] which took place between 1945 and 1959.
1945 Dietrich Bonhoeffer is executed by the Nazis
1945 Ludwig Müller
1945 The Nag Hammadi library is discovered
1946–1952 Revised Standard Version, revision of AV "based on consonantal Hebrew text" for OT and best available texts for NT, done in response to changes in English usage
1947 Uneasy Conscience of Modern Fundamentalism by Carl F. H. Henry, a landmark of Evangelicalism versus Fundamentalism in US
1947 Oral Roberts founds Evangelistic Association
1947 Dead Sea scrolls discovered
1947 Lutheran World Federation founded
1948 World Council of Churches is founded
1948 Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, see also Christian Zionism
1949 evangelist Billy Graham preaches his first Los Angeles crusade
1949 – October 2 Saint John Evangelical Lutheran Community – Comunidade Evangélica Luterana São João da Igreja Evangélica Luterana do Brasil – is founded in Passo Fundo city, State Rio Grande do Sul
1950 First part of the Common Confession between the American Lutheran Church and the LCMS is adopted, resulting in the schism of the Orthodox Lutheran Conference
1950 New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures released
1950 Assumption of Mary decreed by Pope Pius XII
1950 Missionaries of Charity founded by Mother Teresa
1951 Bishop Fulton Sheen (1919–1979) debuts his television program Life is Worth Living on the DuMont Network. His half hour lecture program on Roman Catholic theology remained the number one show on U.S. television for its time slot, winning several Emmys until Sheen ended the program in 1957
1951 The Last Temptation, a fictional account of the life of Jesus written by Nikos Kazantzakis, wherein Christ's divinity is juxtaposed with his humanity, is published, and promptly banned in many countries
1951 Campus Crusade for Christ founded at UCLA
1952 Novum Testamentum Graece, critical edition of Greek NT, basis of modern translations
1952 C. S. Lewis' Mere Christianity published
1952 This Is the Life TV series begins
1954 Unification Church founded by Reverend Sun Myung Moon, under the name Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity (acronym HSA-UWC)
1954 U.S. Pledge of Allegiance modified by act of Congress from "one nation, indivisible" to "one nation under God, indivisible"
1956 In God We Trust designated U.S. national motto
1956 Anchor Bible Series
1956 The Ten Commandments (1956 film)
1956 It Is Written television ministry founded by Seventh-day Adventist pastor George Vandeman
1957 United Church of Christ founded by ecumenical union of Congregationalists and Evangelical & Reformed, representing Calvinists and Lutherans
1957 English translation of Walter Bauer's Wörterbuch ...: A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, University of Chicago Press
1958 Sedevacantism
1959 Family Radio founded by Harold Camping
1959 Franz Pieper's A Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod reaffirmed by the LCMS
1960 Merger creates the "new" American Lutheran Church
1960 John F. Kennedy becomes the first Roman Catholic to be elected President of the United States
1961 New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures published
1961 Christian Broadcasting Network founded by Pat Robertson
1962 Engel v. Vitale, first U.S. Supreme Court decision against School prayer
1962 Karl Rahner, Joseph Ratzinger, Yves Congar, John Courtney Murray, Hans Küng among others appointed "periti" for upcoming Second Vatican Council. Rahner famous for paraphrasing Augustine's axiom: "Many whom God has the Church does not have; and many whom the Church has, God does not have."
1962–1965 Catholic Second Vatican Council, announced by Pope John XXIII in 1959, produces 16 documents which become official Roman Catholic teaching after approval by the Pope, purpose to renew "ourselves and the flocks committed to us"
1963 Martin Luther King leads a civil rights march in Washington, D.C.
1963 A campaign by atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair results in U.S. Supreme Court ruling prohibiting reading of Bible in public schools
1963 Oral Roberts University founded
1963 Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America dissolves in schism
1963 New Testament of Beck's American Translation completed, thousands of copies distributed through The Lutheran Hour
1965 Reginald H. Fuller's The Foundations of New Testament Christology
1965 Rousas John Rushdoony founds Chalcedon Foundation
1965 Nostra aetate declaration promulgated at Vatican II that repudiates the charge of deicide against Jews
1966 Roman Catholic Index of Prohibited Books abolished
1966 Raymond E. Brown's Commentary on the Gospel of John
1967 Lutheran Council in the United States of America organized
1968 Zeitoun, Egypt, a bright image of the Virgin Mary as Our Lady of Zeitoun was seen over the Coptic Orthodox Church of Saint Demiana for over a 3-year period. Over six million Egyptians and foreigners saw the image, including Copts, Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Protestants, Muslims, Jews and people of no particular faith
1968 United Methodist Church formed with union of Methodist Church & Evangelical United Brethren Church, becoming the largest Methodist/Wesleyan church in the world
1970s The Jesus movement takes hold in the U.S. One-way.org
1970 Mass of Paul VI replaces Tridentine Mass
1970 The Late, Great Planet Earth, futurist book by Hal Lindsey, published
1970? Chick Publications
1971 New American Standard Bible
1971 The Exorcist, a novel of demonic possession and the mysteries of the Catholic faith, is published
1971 Liberty University founded by Jerry Falwell
1972 Most Lutheran free churches in Germany merge, forming the Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church
1973, June 12- Near the city of Akita, "Our Lady" appeared to Agnes Katsuko Sasagawa. Three messages were given to her over a period 5 months Our Lady of Akita.^[42]
1973 The Apostle in the End-Time ^[43] Arsenio Tan Ferriol founded Pentecostal Missionary Church of Christ (4th Watch)
1973 Trinity Broadcasting Network founded by Paul and Jan Crouch
1973 New International Version of the Bible is first published (revised in 1978, 1984), using a variety of Greek texts, Masoretic Hebrew texts, and current English style
1973 Walkout at Concordia Seminary begins the Seminex controversy in the LCMS
1974 Jim Bakker founds PTL television ministry
1975 Bruce Metzger's Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament
1976 Anneliese Michel, Bavarian woman, undergoes exorcism against demon possession
1976 Suicide by self-immolation of East German pastor Oskar Brüsewitz, leads to mass protests against communism
1977 New Perspective on Paul
1977 Focus on the Family founded by James Dobson
1978 Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy
1978–2005 Pope John Paul II: reaffirmed moral traditions (The Splendor of Truth)
1979 Moral Majority founded by Jerry Falwell
1979 Jesus (1979 film), most watched movie of all time according to New York Times
1979–1982? New King James Version, complete revision of 1611 AV, updates archaisms while retaining style
1980 Glacier View Conference: Seventh-day Adventist pastor and professor Desmond Ford is defrocked for questioning the sanctuary doctrine of the church, in a 1979 lecture at Pacific Union College
1981 Kibeho, Rwanda reported that "Our Lady" appeared to several teenagers telling them to pray to avoid "rivers of blood" (Marian apparitions)^[44]
1981 Mother Angelica launches EWTN; it grows to become one of the largest television networks in the world; the operation expands to radio in 1992
1981 Institute on Religion and Democracy is founded
1981 Pope John Paul II shot by Mehmet Ali Agca; survives and later forgives him
1982 Chicago Statement on Biblical Hermeneutics
1985 Jesus Seminar founded
1985 E. P. Sanders' Jesus and Judaism published
1986 Chicago Statement on Biblical Application
1986 Desmond Tutu becomes Anglican Archbishop of South Africa; joins anti-apartheid movement
1987 Danver's Statement – Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood
1988 Evangelical Lutheran Church in America founded
1988 Lutheran Council in the United States of America dissolved
1988 Christian Coalition founded by Pat Robertson
1988 The Last Temptation of Christ, directed by Martin Scorsese, is released by Universal Pictures, and promptly attacked as heretical by organized Christian and Catholic groups
1988 The celebration of 1,000 years since the baptism of Kievan Rus throughout the R.O.C.
1988 Assemblies of God pastor Jimmy Swaggart caught in sex scandal
1989 New Revised Standard Version
1990 American Center for Law and Justice founded
1991 John P. Meier's series A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, v. 1
1992 New Catechism of the Catholic Church published
1993 Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference founded
1993 International Lutheran Council founded
1994 "Evangelicals & Catholics Together"^[45]
1994 Porvoo Communion
1994 Answers In Genesis founded by Ken Ham
1994, July 3- Glorification of St. John of Shanghai and San Francisco
1996 Cambridge Declaration – Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals^[46]
1997, March 5–10- World Council of Churches: Towards a Common Date for Easter, see also Reform of the date of Easter
1998, April 6 PBS Frontline: From Jesus to Christ
1999 International House of Prayer in Kansas City begins non-stop 24/7 continual prayer
1999, October 31- signing of the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification between the Lutheran World Federation and the Catholic Church
1999 Gospel of Jesus Christ – An Evangelical Celebration; a consensus Gospel endorsed by various evangelical leaders including J.I. Packer, John Ankerberg, Jerry Falwell, Thomas C. Oden, R.C. Sproul, Wayne Grudem, Charles Swindoll, et al.
1999 Radical Orthodoxy Christian theological movement begins, critiquing modern secularism and emphasizing the return to traditional doctrine; similar to the Paleo-orthodoxy Christian theological movement of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, which sees the consensual understanding of the faith among the Church Fathers as the basis of Biblical interpretation and the foundation of the Church
2000 Lutheran Congregations in Mission for Christ founded in schism from Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) over fellowship with the Episcopal Church (TEC)
2000 Visions of the Virgin Mary are reported in Assiut, Upper Egypt;^[47] phenomena associated to Mary is reported again in 2006, in a church at the same location during the Mass.^[48] Local Coptic priests and then the Coptic Orthodox Church of Assiut issue statements in 2000 and 2006 respectively

21st century[edit]

2001 The Way of the Master founded
2001 Armenia marks 1,700th anniversary of Christianity as its state religion (First country to adopt Christianity as its state religion – Kingdom of Armenia – 301 AD)
2003 the Mission Province is established in Church of Sweden: new era for confessional Lutheranism in Scandinavia
2005 Death of Pope John Paul II, election of Pope Benedict XVI
2006 World Methodist Council votes unanimously to adopt the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification (July 18).^[49]^[50]
2006 The Jerusalem Declaration on Christian Zionism, signed by several Christian denominations in the Middle East, criticizes the doctrine as associating the Gospel with imperialism and militarism
2006 A film of the Gospel of Judas, a 2nd-century Gnostic account of Judas discovered in the 1970s, is shown on TV
2007 The Creation Museum opens in Kentucky, United States
2007 The American Association of Lutheran Churches and LCMS declare pulpit and altar fellowship
2007, May 17- The Russian Orthodox Church is reunified after 80 years of schism
2008 Conservative Anglicans indicate that they plan to split from liberal Anglicans in "The Jerusalem Declaration"^[51]
2009 Damien of Molokai canonized; apostle to lepers
2009, August 21- The Minneapolis Churchwide Assembly of the ELCA passes four ministry policy resolutions that will permit clergy in committed homosexual partnerships to be rostered leaders within the ELCA
2009 The Rosicrucian Fellowship, an international association of Esoteric Christian mystics,^[52] celebrates the centennial anniversary -- The Fraternity should remain secret one hundred years;^[53] the celebration ceremonies, on August 8 and November 13^[54] at Mount Ecclesia, serve the purpose of heralding the revival of the Christian mystic path of the Rose Cross.^[55]^[56]
2009 Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly declared Servant of God
2009 Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience is issued, signed by over 150 American religious leaders
2009 Dr. Frederick Eikerenkoetter (Reverend Ike), a pioneering prosperity preacher, dies
2010 Lutheran CORE creates North American Lutheran Church in schism from the ELCA
2010, October 31- Attack on Baghdad church results in 52 deaths^[57]
2011, January 1- A church in Alexandria, Egypt is bombed, killing 21 people, mostly Christians
2011 Martyrdom of Shahbaz Bhatti, Pakistani politician and the only Christian elected member of the National Assembly, who was an outspoken critic of Pakistan's blasphemy laws
2013, March- Pope Francis, an Argentinean, becomes the first non-European pope in modern times

Sources[edit]

World Almanac and Book of Facts
Academic American Encyclopedia (on Compuserve)
Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary
English Versions of the Bible by John Berchmans Dockery O.F.M.
Catholic Encyclopedia: Biblical Chronology

1. Alabama	77%
1. Mississippi	77%
3. Tennessee	73%
4. Louisiana	71%
5. Arkansas	70%
5. South Carolina	70%
7. West Virginia	69%
8. Oklahoma	66%
8. Georgia	66%
10. North Carolina	65%
11. Texas	64%
11. Utah	64%
13. Kentucky	63%
14. Virginia	61%
15. Missouri	60%
16. South Dakota	59%
17. Ohio	58%
18. New Mexico	57%
19. Iowa	55%
19. Kansas	55%
19. New Jersey	55%
22. Indiana	54%
22. Wyoming	54%
22. Florida	54%
22. Maryland	54%
22. Nebraska	54%
27. Michigan	53%
27. Pennsylvania	53%
27. Arizona	53%
27. District of Columbia	53%
27. North Dakota	53%
32. Delaware	52%
33. Illinois	51%
33. Idaho	51%
35. California	49%
35. Nevada	49%
35. Minnesota	49%
35. Rhode Island	49%
39. Montana	48%
39. Oregon	48%
41. Hawaii	47%
41. Colorado	47%
43. New York	46%
44. Washington	45%
44. Alaska	45%
44. Wisconsin	45%
47. Connecticut	43%
48. Maine	34%
48. Vermont	34%
50. New Hampshire	33%
50. Massachusetts	33%

Love Your Enemies Matthew 5

Jesus Tempted - Matthew 4

The Messianic Idea in Judaism

Current Application
Money lending and the origins of anti-Semitism

Tel Megiddo

US States Muslim Population
New Jersey Has Highest Percentage of Muslims, at 3%.

US States Muslim Population

Ante-Nicene Period[edit]

First Seven Ecumenical Councils[edit]

Middle Ages[edit]

Renaissance[edit]

Reformation[edit]

17th century[edit]

18th century[edit]

19th century[edit]

20th century[edit]

21st century[edit]

Sources[edit]

See also[edit]

Love Your Enemies Matthew 5

Jesus Tempted - Matthew 4

The Messianic Idea in Judaism

Tel Megiddo

US States Muslim Population New Jersey Has Highest Percentage of Muslims, at 3%.

US States Muslim Population

Ante-Nicene Period[edit]

First Seven Ecumenical Councils[edit]

Middle Ages[edit]

Renaissance[edit]

Reformation[edit]

17th century[edit]

18th century[edit]

19th century[edit]

20th century[edit]

21st century[edit]

Sources[edit]

See also[edit]

US States Muslim Population
New Jersey Has Highest Percentage of Muslims, at 3%.